<p>Aizis  was a Dacian town mentioned by Emperor Trajan in his work Dacica. Located at Dealul Ruieni, Fârliug, Caraș-Severin, Romania.</p><br>
<p>One sentence surviving from Dacica, in the Latin grammar work of Priscian, Institutiones grammaticae, says: inde Berzobim, deinde Aizi processimus, meaning We then advanced to Berzobim, next to Aizi. The phrase describes the initial itinerary march into Dacia by the Roman army</p><br>
<p>After the Roman conquest of Dacia, a castrum gets built at Aizis.</p><br>
<p>It is also depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana, as Azizis, on a Roman road network, between Bersovia and Caput Bubali.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The place name Aizizi, located in the South West of Dacia has a root / radical containing the Bactrian "ait", Armenian “iz” ‘snake’ or better the Bactrian "azi" Armenian "ajts" goat. The Romanian historian and archaeologist Vasile Pârvan also gives the meaning goat.</p><br>
<p>This Dacian name (mentioned also by Ptolemy as Αίζισίς) confirms the Dacian language change from Proto-Indo-European *g to z: Αίζισίς (Ptolemy) &lt; *aig-is(yo) – ‘(place) with goats’ (Greek αίζ, αίγός goat)</p><br>
<p>Saint Mary of Good Counsel Catholic Church is an active church building located at 305 Division Street in the city of Adrian in Lenawee County, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Adrian&#39;s first Roman Catholic congregation was founded in 1840s and the first church constructed in 1852. That structure, however, was quickly outgrown, and in 1853 Father Peter Kindekins, then Vicar General of the Detroit Diocese, purchased land near the edge of town to construct a new church. By 1856, the site had a frame church, rectory, school, and convent. However, these buildings were completely destroyed by fire in 1863. Rebuilding was delayed over a debate on the site of the church. Eventually, the parish purchased this site, closer to the center of twon, for a new parish complex.</p><br>
<p>The parish hired renowned Detroit architect Gordon W. Lloyd to design the new church. Construction began in 1872. The current church building was consecrated in 1871 and is recognized as an important landmark of Romanesque Revival architecture. Lloyd engaged Ignace Schott, an ecclesiastic artist, to execute several murals of important saints for the decoration of the interior. A new grade school was constructed in 1912, and a high school, Catholic Central High School, was constructed in 1953. The high school closed in 1968, and the grade school closed the following year. The church continues to serve the Catholic residents of Adrian.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Saint Mary of Good Counsel Catholic Church is a red-orange brick Italian Romanesque structure with stone trim, a sandstone foundation, and a partly projecting, centrally positioned, square, pyramid-roof bell tower. It has wooden cornices. Three front entrances are topped with round-headed, recessed panels with wooden relief carving.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the church has a main vestibule and two smaller vestibules on the sides. Three sets of doors enter into the nave. In the auditorium, the interior is divided onto nave ans side aisles by four columns.</p><br>
<p>The Schoolcraft Furnace Site is an abandoned iron furnace site located just east of Munising, Michigan within the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore near the Munising Falls Visitor Center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is also known as the Munising Furnace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Munising was founded in 1850 as a resort village by the Munising Company, but the company&#39;s capital was over extended and their plan never came to fruition. furnace machinery was brought in from Newburgh, New York, and about 500 people were employed cutting cordwood.</p><br>
<p>The furnace used iron ore shipped in via rail from Negaunee and Ishpeming to Marquette, and thence by boat to Munising. Charcoal was made in kilns within a few miles of the furnace; seventeen of these have been located. The furnace also used limestone shipped in from the Lake Erie region. A small steam engine was operated to crush the ore and a larger one supplied air to the furnace.</p><br>
<p>However, after the first fire, the furnace was run only irregularly. Problems with wet charcoal and shortages of ore or charcoal forced several shutdowns. Despite this, by 1869 the furnace was putting out an average of 20 tons of pig iron per day. However, finances for the furnace were shaky, and poor business decisions in 1870 increased the Schoolcraft Iron Company&#39;s debt until it collapsed into bakruptcy in October 1870.</p><br>
<p>Peter White organized a new company, the Munising Iron Company, and purchased the furnace in 1871. The furnace was reopened in the fall of that year, and ran for 12 months, making a total of 2500 tons of iron. It was shut down in the fall of 1872 to add a hopper and bell, improving efficiency. The furnace was back online in May, but only four months later the Panic of 1873 hit, driving down iron prices. The furnace was online again for 24 weeks in 1875 before a lack of iron and charcoal shut it down again. In 1876, the furnace was leased to Henry Pickands, who ran it until November 1877, when it was leased to Daniel Rankin. Rankin intended to fire the furnace in 1878, but was no able to, and the furnace was shut down for good.</p><br>
<p>The final closing of the Schoolcraft Furnace devastated Munising, and many people in the town left to seek work elsewhere. In 1901, the furnace machinery was purchased by the Lake Superior Iron and Metal Company of Hancock, Michigan; much of the equipment was melted down as scrap and remade into machinery for the copper mines of the Keweenaw Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The Schoolcraft Furnace was placed on the National Resister of Historic Places in 1977. The remains of the site are difficult to distinguish; the old road trace is now a hiking trail, and some of the rubble pile can be identified in the now-wooded area. The ruins of what might have been a corduroy road are visible in the creek. The area is publicly accessible from the Munising Falls Visitor&#39;s Center.</p><br>
<p>The Strong House, now the Strong-Porter Museum, is a historic house museum at 2382 South Street in Coventry, Connecticut. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a center entry and two interior chimneys. The oldest portion of the house is estimated to date to 1710, early in the period of Coventry&#39;s settlement. The house was later extended to its present width, and the rear leanto was also added later, giving the house a classic saltbox appearance. The Strong house at one time belonged to the grandparents of American Revolutionary War hero Nathan Hale, whose own home is also a museum nearby. Both houses were restored in the 1930s by noted antiquarian George Dudley Seymour.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is now owned and operated by the Coventry Historical Society as a museum. In addition to exhibits in the house about local history, visitors can tour the carpenter shop, 19th century privy, carriage sheds and barn.</p><br>
<p>Nerstrand City Hall is a historic city hall building in Nerstrand, Minnesota, United States, constructed in 1908. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on April 6, 1982, for having local significance in the theme of politics/government. It was nominated for being representative of Nerstrands early growth, and for being Rice Countys best example of municipal buildings of the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Nerstrand City Hall is a two story red brick building located in the small community of Nerstrand. Located on the south side of Main Street, it is the most architecturally distinctive building in the community.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the St. Paul firm of Thori, Alban, & Fisher, it was constructed in 1908. It features a symmetrical facade and is capped by a wood cornice with modillion blocks and a central bell tower. The central bay features a double doorway framed by brick pilaster strips and dentillated wood cornice. The main door is flanked by large two part windows with stone sills and headers. A large stone bearing the words "CITY HALL" separates the door from three rectilinear windows in the second story bay; these are flanked by small oval windows. The open bell tower shelters a bell and features a dentillated cornice and domed roof capped by a flagpole. Spherical finials flank the bell tower at the corners of the building.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The city of Nerstrand traces its history to the 1870s, but the town was not platted until the Chicago Great Western Railway reached the area in 1885. It incorporated in 1897. The turn of the 20th century was a period of maturation for Rice County, characterized by various civic improvements, city halls, water systems, etc. Nerstrand&#39;s first city hall, built at the time of incorporation, proved too small within a few years. A lot was purchased for the new building in 1907 and it was finished the following year.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of Nerstrand&#39;s City Hall originally housed city offices, fire equipment and a jail; and a large community room occupies the second floor. A new fire station was built adjacent to the structure in the 1980s. At the time the building was listed on the NRHP, it was being used as the public library.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant for its association with Nerstrands early growth as well as being one of Rice Countys best examples of the municipal buildings that were constructed in the first decades of the twentieth century. It reflects a period of increased civic-mindedness and prosperity.</p><br>
<p>The Osmund Osmundson House is a historic house in Nerstrand, Minnesota, United States. The private home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on April 6, 1982. The house is significant for its association with a prominent Rice County pioneer and town founder.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Osmund Osmundson House is located in the northeast of the small town of Nerstrand, east of what were the rails for the Chicago Great Western Railway, since removed. The white, two-story gabled brick house was completed in 1880. The sprawling structure consists of two sections: each with an intersecting gable roof with wooden shingles. The south section, the left section of the front facade, is two bays by two bays and has portions that date to 1856. The north section measures three bays by two bays with a -story extension added to the rear (western) facade. Two over two windows are regularly spaced and slightly arched. The structure has two porches: an enclosed porch topped by a balcony on the rear (northwestern) corner as well as a modified front porch across the front section&#39;s three bays facade. The building originally had an elaborate balustraded full front porch and a red brick color.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>Osmund Osmundson was born in Nedstrand in Tysvær, Norway in 1826 and immigrated to the United States in 1850. He settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin before joining the California Gold Rush. In 1856 he moved to Wheeling Township in Rice County, Minnesota. He homesteaded the present site of Nerstrand, and began to envision a town on the site. In 1877, he built a store on what became the right-of-way for railroad tracks on what is now Main Street. In 1885, the Minnesota and North Western Railroad (later the Chicago Great Western Railway) was constructed and Osmundson platted the town on the line, naming it after his hometown. The area surrounding Nerstrand and Wheeling Township became a close-knit Norwegian American community. Osmundson went on to be active in county and state government, serving as Rice County commissioner for two terms and in the Minnesota State Legislature; he died in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The home was built to replace a log house built at the time he settled in the area, as well as a wood-frame house built in 1861. At the time the building was listed on the NRHP, it was owned and occupied by the third generation of Osmundsons.</p><br>
<p>The Bonde Farmhouse is a historic farmhouse located in Wheeling Township in Rice County, Minnesota, United States, approximately 1 mi from Nerstrand. The private home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on April 6, 1982. The farmhouse is significant both for its association with a prominent Norwegian immigrant family as well as its local limestone construction and outstanding integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Bonde Farmhouse is located off County Road 27 and Minnesota State Highway 246, just outside the town of Nerstrand. The building&#39;s siting on a hilltop location, alongside its stone masonry construction, make it a focal point for the farmstead and landmark in the area. The -story house is constructed of Nerstrand and Faribault limestone and its two sections form an L-shape. All windows and door opening on the west (front) side of the north ell are located below the central cabled roof while wider spaces are located between other openings. The two-over-two windows are have stone sills and lintels. Small, slightly arched windows are centered in the gable ends. The front porch features turned posts, turned brackets and spindles along the porch frieze and is topped by a metal railing; it extends across the west side of the north ell. In 1960 a basement garage and 1-story addition were added to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>Four of the farm buildings located near the house comprise the core of structures built by Tosten Bonde during the 1870s and 1880s; Bonde&#39;s journal recorded the construction dates. These structures include a gambrel-roofed barn, built in 1870 and remodeled at the turn of the 20th century; an 1883 machine shed that was later turned to a garage; an 1886 granary; and an 1887 milk house. These buildings were included in the original nomination to the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The site was originally homesteaded by Einer Bonde, who emigrated from Norway with his family in 1854 to farm in the Midwest. After a year in Iowa, in 1855 the family settled among the loosely organized Norwegian settlers in Wheeling Township. Einer&#39;s son Tosten acquired the farm in 1865 and built the large farmhouse in 1875, the same year his father, Einer died. Tosten Bonde kept thorough records of farm statistics, building improvements as well as family and local notes in a journal he kept in the 1880s. Tosten Bonde was a successful farmer and figured prominently in the history of the Norwegian community centered on Nerstrand.</p><br>
<p>The Bonde Farmhouse reflects the success of early Norwegian farmers who cleared and farmed the land of the area. At the time of its listing on the NRHP, Bonde family descendants still headed the Wheeling Mutual Insurance Company, farmed the original homestead and resided in the stone house.</p><br>
<p>The Francis H. Holmes House is a historic house at 349 Rocky Hill Ave. in New Britain, Connecticut. Built in 1906-08, it is an architecturally eclectic brick building, designed by a prominent local architect for the owner of a local brickmaking business, as a showcase for the latter&#39;s wares. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Francis H. Holmes House is located in southeastern New Britain, at the northwest corner of Rocky Hill Avenue and South Street. It is a two-story brick structure, with a flared hip roof and brownstone trim. It exhibits an architecturally eclectic mix of styles, with the Jacobethan use of triple windows and gables predominating. Also present are elements of Shingle style and Craftsman woodwork. The roof is pierced by large gabled dormers with brownstone parapets. An enclosed porch wraps from the east-facing facade to the south, and a similarly styled former porte-cochere, now also enclosed, is on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Walter P. Crabtree and built in 1906-08 for Francis Holmes, who owned a local brickyard. Crabtree was a prominent local architect whose credits include the local Masonic lodge, the Elks building, and numerous commercial and residential buildings in New Britain and Hartford. Holmes owned a brickyard just to the south in Berlin, and was instrumental in founding the Central Connecticut Brick Company, a consolidation of several regional brickyards.</p><br>
<p>The Wadsworth Electric Manufacturing Company was formed by George B. and Harry Wadsworth in 1904. George received his first patent for an electrical service entrance safety switch in 1907. This device reduced the likelihood of accident or fire and enabled homeowners to replace their own fuses. He received an additional 15 patents in the field between 1907 and 1925. Harry Wadsworth left the business in 1910.</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>The company incorporated in 1918 and moved from an address on Madison Avenue to a Pike Street address. By 1922, the company had grown to 100 employees and $1.5 million in sales. That year, the company announced the construction of a new building on 11th Street, Covington, Kentucky. The building was completed in March 1923. In 1925, George Wadsworth sold his rights to 16 patents to a Cincinnati company and resigned from Wadsworth Electrical Manufacturing. David Wadsworth, Georges brother, was appointed vice president and chief engineer in 1927 and continued Georges record of innovation until his death in 1937.</p><br>
<h2>Personnel</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Feltman, a local banker, was president of the company at the time of David Wadsworth&#39;s death. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, Leo Kuhlman who continued as president until 1981. The company was apparently successful during this period with employment reaching 300 during the 1950s. Products included breaker boxes, fuses, wiring ducts, power outlets and other electrical devices.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>Kuhlman was succeeded by his sons, John and Joseph, who ran the company until it was liquidated in December 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Aur Island  is an island in Mersing District, Johor, Malaysia. It lies about 76 km east of Mersing Town and is part of the Johor Marine Park. Its corals, lagoons and offshore pools make it a tourist attraction. It has for many years also always been a frequent stopover point for fishermen.</p><br>
<p>There is also a smaller island close by, Dayang Island, which is separated from Aur Island by a narrow channel of about 400 m width at the narrowest point. Both islands are home to Singaporean diving companies, divers reach the island by chartered boats from Mersing or Singapore.</p><br>
<p>Due to its overwhelming distance from the mainland of Peninsula Malaysia, Aur Island offers the clearest of waters and the most exciting dive sites in this part of the country. Marine life commonly seen by divers include Manta-Ray, Barracudas, Whitetip Sharks, Rays, Napoleon Wrasse, Jacks, Trevally, Yellowback Fusiliers, Turtle, Angelfish, Titan Trigger Fish and Bumphead Parrotfish.</p><br>
<p>The Aur Island weather is affected by the monsoon winds that blows from South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. The northeast monsoon blows the wind from South China Sea from November to March and this is the time when the east coast states have heavy rainfall. Sea activities at this time are very much confined and the main activities at this time is usually the maintenance of boats and fishing related equipment as well as kite flying.</p><br>
<p>The west coast of Aur Island states are influenced by the southwest monsoon that blows the wind from the Straits of Malacca during the months of May to September. The periods between the monsoons are usually marked by heavy rainfall. The mountains have lower temperature range due to their higher altitude and the temperature ranges from 16to24 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>The 1804 naval Battle of Pulo Aura between the British and the French took place in the island&#39;s vicinity during the Napoleonic Wars.</p><br>
<p>The Kukra River  is a river of Nicaragua. It lies in the southeast of the country and is inhabited by people who speak the Sumo language. It is monitored by the Board of Kukra River , presided by Peter Martinez. During Hurricane Dean a four-year-old girl drowned on a boat that sank amidst high winds and waves at the mouth of the river. It is located south of Bluefields.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Along with Bluefields and Rio Escondido, the Kukra River has been an important indigenous and Creole agriculture area. The Rama grow grains near Bluefields Bay and along the Kukra.</p><br>
<p>Farming is the only industry along the Kukra.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>The ant species Pheidole psilogaster has been found in the Kukra River region.</p><br>
<p>Mount Success, formerly Ingalls Mountain, is a mountain in the Mahoosuc Range with an elevation of 3,565 ft. It is located in Coos County, New Hampshire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is flanked by North Bald Cap mountain to the southwest, Mount Carlo in Maine to the northeast, and The Outlook to the northwest. Its summit is crossed by the Mahoosuc Trail (part of the Appalachian Trail), and can also be accessed as a day hike via the Success Trail.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is entirely within the Androscoggin River watershed. The north and west sides of the mountain drain to the North Branch of Horne Brook and thence northwest to the Androscoggin in Berlin, while the south and east sides drain to tributaries of Lary Brook, which flows south to the Androscoggin in Gilead, Maine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1936, the peak, then known as "Ingalls Mountain", was renamed "Mount Success" to distinguish it from the nearby Mount Ingalls in Shelburne, New Hampshire. On November 30, 1954, Northeast Airlines flight 792 took off from Laconia Municipal Airport with the hopes of landing at Berlin Regional Airport. With little visibility due to poor weather, the Douglas DC-3, carrying four crew members and three passengers, crashed near the summit of Mount Success. All the passengers survived the initial impact, but two later died while awaiting rescue.</p><br>
<p>Caleb T. Ward Mansion is a historic home located at 141 Nixon Avenue on Ward Hill, Staten Island, New York. Caleb Tompkins Ward built the mansion in 1835 with the help of architect George B. David, who built the mansion out of stucco and brick in an imposing Greek Revival style. Ward acquired the land for his mansion in 1826, after his uncle died. His uncle was Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York.</p><br>
<p>The mansion commands magnificent views of New York Harbor and the metropolitan area. It has a two-story tetra style portico and iconic columns. A large rectangular cupola tops the building and an estate of 250 acres originally surrounded the manor. Today, Ward Mansion is one of the last great houses remaining from a time when the North shore of Staten Island was a fashionable resort for wealthy New Yorkers.</p><br>
<p>On July 26, 1982, the mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places, after having become a New York City Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Samuel MacKenzie Elliott House is a historic house located at 69 Delafield Place in West New Brighton, Staten Island, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1840, it was one of 22 similar houses in the area designed and built as investments by Scottish born Samuel Mackenzie Elliott, an oculist and eye surgeon who boasted prominent clients like John Jacob Astor, Peter Cooper, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Horace Greeley.</p><br>
<p>Elliot was an active abolitionist, and this house, along with his own, was reputedly outfitted as a refuge for slaves escaping the United States via the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1967, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1980.</p><br>
<p>McFarlane–Bredt House is a historic home located at Rosebank, Staten Island, New York. It was built about 1840 and is a two-story, wood-frame clapboard house in the Italian Villa style. It consists of four sections: the original, two-story central section built about 1840; the extension to the original section built about 1860; a wind added about 1870; and a three-story western addition completed in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As seen today, the two-story, clapboard-covered McFarlane–Bredt house (formerly New York Yacht Club) stands on its original site, and although it has been divided into several apartments, the exterior appears much as it did at the turn of the century. The main entrance is centered on the southern side, placed there for convenient access to the carriage drive. The fancifully-designed hood above the paneled double door was obviously intended to resemble a canvas pavilion. Narrow latticed posts support a sharply concave tin roof with a wooden valance of pointed jigsaw ornament depending from the eave.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor, directly above the main entrance, is a shallow balcony resting on a pair of console brackets and having a delicate wooden railing diamond design. A casement window opens into this balcony and above it is a smaller version of the decorative wooden awning of the porch. All the windows of the second floor in the older part of the house have these attractive wooden canopies above the casements. The windows of the first floor have double-hung six-over-six sash. The cornice is most unusual in that it has an extremely wide overhang supported by very long brackets which are quite shallow in depth, stepping backward in four thin layers with a wooden acorn pendant hanging from the end of each tier. The east wing of the 1870s has a similar cornice in smaller scale with two drops per bracket, while the west wing of the 1890s has rather short brackets with one pendant, each. In addition to the main entrance in the original house, each wing also has a front door.</p><br>
<p>The western entrance has a narrow porch with a row of jigsaw wooden hearts decorating the eave, while the eastern door has only a small square stoop with a plain flat roof above it.</p><br>
<p>The northern part of the house with overlooks the Narrows probably was considered the "front" in the same manner as were the facades of houses built facing the Hudson River. The main feature of this side of the house is the long open veranda with flat wooden posts of diamond trelliage and small paired brackets above the ornamental jigsaw work along the edge of the roof. Full length casement windows which have frames with crossetted corners open onto the veranda from the various first-floor* rooms, and centered in each of the three—sided bays is a handsome French door with a demi-lune transom. The outer edges of these two openings are decorated with continuous narrow borders of ruby-red glass. All the windows of the house, as well as the French doors, were originally equipped with wooden louvered exterior blinds, hut these have been removed except for a few which cover spaces that were designed as false windows.</p><br>
<p>The pitch of the main roof is quite flat, but directly above each of the two-story bays it rises to form a jerkin head gable which aids in giving more definition to the bays and additional architectural interest to the roofline. There are a total of four brick chimneys which serve the numerous fireplaces within the house. The westernmost wing, probably of the 1890s, is nearly square and rises three stories above a red brick foundation to a pyramidal hipped roof. With an additional story, this section would have presented itself as a tower — more in keeping with high Victorian taste. However, since the wing is very plain in design, it was probably intended for use as servants&#39; quarters. The original windows of this section were two-over-two double-hung wooden sash which have been replaced with adjustable louvered-glass jalousies. The entire house is painted a deep shade of grey with white trim; the original color scheme is not known.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house at 30 Hylan Boulevard, known as the McFarlane–Bredt House, is an early Victorian country villa built in the early 1840s. Its site, a broad elliptical mound on Staten Island&#39;s North Shore, faces northeast and commands a magnificent view across the Narrows to New York Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Built as private residence, it served for three years (1868-1871) as the clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club and became the second home of that organization. While headquartered in Clifton, the club first successfully defended the Americas Cup, the worlds foremost yachting event.</p><br>
<p>The house built for Henry and Anne McFarlane, shortly after they purchased the property in 1841, was a long, low, two-story, clapboard-covered, wooden-framed cottage with brick-filled walls designed to resemble an Italian-Swiss villa, a short lived style which rose to popularity in the 1840s along with the diminutive Greek temple and the board-and-batten Gothic cottage in an era when awakening literary tastes decreed that domestic architecture should be "romantic." If an architect designed the house for the McFarlanes, he remains unknown. McFarlane himself was an early developer of Staten Island. Clifton, the location of the house, was one of Staten Island&#39;s early romantic suburbs.</p><br>
<p>A map dated January 1846, shows the McFarlane house as originally built with a wide two-story central bay fronted by a broad veranda, facing the Narrows.*** Also shown are an ice-house, a gardener&#39;s cottage, stables, two greenhouses, and a fish pond. The greenhouses are drawn as directly abutting the line of the neighboring property which had been bought, in 1844, by John H. Austen, a New York City auctioneer.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, the McFarlanes sold the land (2.7 acres) and the dwelling to Daniel Low for $9,000. In 1847, Low sold to Richard Williamson, and three years later, in 1850, Williamson sold to Henry Dibblee, of Southfield. Dibblee, a dry-goods merchant, occupied the house until 1865 when he sold it to Almira Wolfe (Mrs. Nathaniel) for $25,000.</p><br>
<p>The $25,000 purchase price which Mrs. Wolfe paid to Henry Dibblee in 1865 was a huge sum for that time and an indication that the property was well improved and in excellent order. Since Dibblee lived there for fifteen years, it may be assumed that he did a number of things which added to the value of the place. He may have done a considerable amount of landscaping, and he must have been responsible for the first addition to the west end of the house which nearly doubled its size. This section featured another projecting room-end and an extension of the veranda. Great care was taken to copy exactly all of the original detailing so that the house appeared to have been built all at one time.</p><br>
<p>In post-Civil War years, the character of yachting changed greatly and immensely rich men who owned large steam-yachts became members of the club. They did not have such an intense interest in sailing and their ships were manned by full-time paid crews. They stepped up the social life of the club and wanted a more elegant establishment — after all, the Royal Yacht Squadron was housed in a former royal castle at Cowes. It was also onerous to have to go to Staten Island and back just for a party.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse at Clifton was found to be inadequate for large gatherings and in 1871 it was sold to Frederick Bredt, merchant, for $16,000.^ Because Bredt was the first owner after the New York Yacht Club, his name has been historically associated with the house. Meanwhile, the New York Yacht Club occupied a huge casino-type structure located directly on the waterfront at Stapleton which it maintained as a shore station until 1878.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the New York Yacht Club moved to Manhattan where they took up quarters in the Leonard Jerome mansion at Union Square and 26th Street, sharing the building with the Jockey Club.12 This arrangement lasted until 1884 when the Yacht Club moved to a house which they bought at 67 Madison Avenue. The final move occurred in 1901 when the New York Yacht club first occupied its present home at 37 West 44th Street. This handsome limestone Beaux-Arts building with a most remarkable facade which exhibits carved-stone waves, shells, seaweed, dolphins, and the stern-ends of three baroque sailing vessels, was designed by the architects Warren & Wetmore and was designated a New York City Landmark on September 11,-.1979.</p><br>
<h2>Later owners and changes</h2><br>
<p>The former New York Yacht Club building at Clifton has had two more additions since it was sold in 1871. It is not likely that Frederick Bredt enlarged the house since he held it for only three years, selling the place to George D. Ives in 1874. Bredt had a mansion named Beechwood on a very large comer lot across Pennsylvania Avenue (the former name of Hylan Boulevard) and he probably never lived in the villa. However, Ives owned the house for a lengthy period, and the style of the wing added to the east could indicate a date in the 1870s. This wing respects the basic design of the original house, but its somewhat lower ro^f makes an awkward connection to the older section.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the property was bought by James Thompson who held it until 1908, although his daughter, Jeanette, was the owner until 1948. It is probable that Thompson built the three-story addition at the extreme western end which stylistically appears to have been built in the 1890s.^^ This section — bold and square and tall — is quite different in appearance from the rest of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, Jeanette Thompson, then living on Belair Road, sold the house to T. Gilbert Brouillette, who lived there until 1961. In the years that followed, developers purchased the property, and the Austen house next door as well, and ownership changed a number of times. Finally, in 1975, the City of New York acquired both properties with the idea of creating a public park and preserving these choice remnants of old Staten Island on their beautiful site beside the Narrows.</p><br>
<p>Kreischer Mansion is a historic home located at Charleston, Staten Island, New York. Built by Bavarian immigrant Balthasar Kreischer about 1885, it is a large, asymmetrically massed -story, wood-frame house in the American Queen Anne style. The rectangular house features spacious verandas, gables with jigsaw bargeboards, decorative railings, posts and brackets, tall chimneys, and a corner tower. It was one of two mansions built by Kreischer for his sons. The surviving house belonged to son Edward Kreischer, the other one had been his brother Charles&#39;.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 8 June 1894, Edward B. Kreischer committed suicide by shooting himself in the right temple near his place of business. Since then, there have been claims that Kreischer has haunted the property. Along with other local stories of the house&#39;s violent history, this has given the house a supernatural reputation, leading it to be used as a location on television shows including Boardwalk Empire.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 the Kreischer Mansion was bought with the intention of restoration and eventual sale by Isaac Yomtovian. In 2008, then caretaker Joe Black was revealed to be a hitman for the Bonnano crime family. He was convicted of the murder of rival mob associate Robert McKelvey, committed three years earlier on the property.</p><br>
<p>Today the House frequently plays host to art and culture events.</p><br>
<p>W. J. Hughes Business House, also known as C.J. Wilson Store, is located at 70 Ocoee Street in Cleveland, Tennessee, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story red brick building was built in the 1840s, not long after the platting of the city of Cleveland in 1838. The building design is described by the Historic American Buildings Survey as having "embellishments" that demonstrate "the civic pride and leadership of J. H. Craigmiles", while otherwise being similar to many small-town commercial buildings of the era. Facing the street there is a one-story, three-bay cast-iron front, estimated to have been added around 1880. It includes a recessed, panelled, double door and a pair of display windows made from plate glass and is topped by a decorative cast-iron architrave. The second-story windows have limestone sills and are topped by segmental arches. Decorative iron work ornaments the vents above the windows. The facade is crowned by a cornice made from stamped tin. Other decorative elements are found in the brick work below the windows and corbelled brick work below the cornice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The buildings first recorded owner was William H. Tibbs, who operated a retail store. He sold the building in 1850, but continued to be associated with the building, which housed the Tibbs and Surguine Dry Goods Store as of 1860, when Cleveland was described as "an active business place" with about 20 stores. In subsequent years, Tibbs partnered with W.J. Hughes to operate a store in the building, and Hughes became the sole proprietor after Tibbs died. Around 1890, a saloon operated by F. P. Kelly and J. P. Cooper took the place of the store. One of five saloons in the city, it closed down some time after the city of Cleveland enacted a prohibition ordinance in 1903. The building was later sold to C. J. Wilson, who opened a store there in 1909; his son J. L. Wilson later took over the business. The C.J. and J.L. Wilson Dry Goods store remained in business until J. L. Wilsons circa the early 1970s. As of 1983, the building housed a law office.</p><br>
<p>The Porteous, Mitchell and Braun Company Building, also known as the Miller Building, is an historic building at 522-28 Congress Street in downtown Portland, Maine. Built in 1904 and enlarged in 1911, it housed Portland&#39;s largest department store for many years, and is a fine example Renaissance Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It now houses the primary campus facilities of the Maine College of Art.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Porteous, Mitchell and Braun Company Building is located in Portlands Arts District at the upper end of Congress Street. It occupies the middle portion of a city block on the south side of Congress Street, between Oak and Brown Streets. It is a five story structure, with a steel frame and brick walls clad in limestone-colored terra cotta. The ground floor facade is entirely modern, with glass and stone, and is topped by a marquee identifying the buildings current occupant, the Maine College of Art. The second through fourth floors are divided into six bays, articulated by fluted pilasters. Each bay houses a three-part window, with a larger central pane separated by smaller side ones by slender engaged columns. Between the floors are decorative panels. The top floor is separated from the others by a dentillated cornice, and also has six bays separated by pilasters, each bay housing three round-arch windows. A corbelled cornice tops the structure.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1904 to plans by architect Penn Varney of Lynn, Massachusetts, for the Portland dry goods firm of Watson, Miller & Company, and was originally three bays wide. In 1906 that firm was acquired by the Connecticut retailer Porteous, Mitchell and Braun, which doubled the buildings size in 1911, and commissioned the unifying facade from local architect George Burnham. Further expansions enlarged the building to the rear, reaching Free Street by 1953. Porteous operated on the premises until 1991, and was for many years the citys leading department store. The building then underwent restoration and adaptation for use by the Maine College of Art.</p><br>
<p>The Park Street Row also known as Park Street Block, is a set of historic rowhouses at 88-114 Park Street, in Portland, Maine. Built in 1835, it is the largest known 19th-century rowhouse in the state, and is an impressive local example of Greek Revival architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Park Street Row is located in the eastern section of Portlands West End neighborhood, occupying the entire west side of Park Street between Spring and Gray Streets. It consists of fourteen residential units, built out of brick with brownstone trim, resting on granite foundations. Each unit is four stories tall, with a dormered and skylit roof. The fronts of the units are three bays wide, with entrances in the right-hand bay. Iron railings are set on granite curbing between the stairs leading to each unit, and shallow iron balconies run the width of each unit. Due to the streets slope, the units are stepped in pairs.</p><br>
<p>This housing project was one of the most ambitious of its type undertaken in 19th-century Maine. A consortium of investors formed the Ann Street Company (Park Street was previously Ann Street) in 1835, purchased land nearly to Congress Street, and began construction on these rowhouses. These fourteen units were completed, as were six more that faced Gray and Spring Streets; the three on Spring Street also survive. Due to financial difficulties, the company was only able to complete the building exteriors, and they were auctioned off, unfinished, in October 1835. The individual unit interiors were then completed by their purchasers.</p><br>
<p>Seaview Hospital was a historic tuberculosis sanatorium, now a national historic district located at Willowbrook on Staten Island, New York. The complex was planned and built between 1905 and 1938 and was the largest and most costly municipal facility for the treatment of tuberculosis of its date in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses 37 contributing buildings and one contributing site. The main buildings are located along a north-south axis along Brielle Avenue and many are in the Colonial Revival or Tudor Revival style. The north group of buildings include</p><br>
<p>Administration Building (1913)</p><br>
<p>Surgical Pavilion (1913)</p><br>
<p>Nurses Residence (1913, addition 1932) Currently an independent living senior complex, Parklane at Seaview.</p><br>
<p>Staff House (1913)</p><br>
<p>Power House / Laundry and Ambulance Complex (1912, addition 1935)</p><br>
<p>Kitchen and Dining Hall Group (1912)</p><br>
<p>Women&#39;s Pavilions (1909-1911)</p><br>
<p>Sanatorium additions include</p><br>
<p>Auditorium or "New Dining Hall" (1917, now known as Colony Hall)</p><br>
<p>Group Building (1917)</p><br>
<p>Mens and Womens Open Air Pavilions (1917)</p><br>
<p>Later buildings include the Catholic Chapel and Rectory (1928)</p><br>
<p>City Mission Chapel or Chapel of St. Luke the Physician (1934)</p><br>
<p>Pathology Lab (1927-1928)</p><br>
<p>Children&#39;s Hospital (1935-1937)</p><br>
<p>Sputum House (1911 / 1932)</p><br>
<p>Richmond County Isolation Hospital (1928)</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and and</p><br>
<p>It was designated, with its grounds, a City Landmark in 1985 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Current usage</h2><br>
<p>After many years of being shuttered and empty, the Seaview Hospital has slowly opened its doors again to care for the community with a rehabilitation center, nursing home,independent living facility, volunteer fire company and Volunteer Ambulance Service. At the site of the former Seaview Hospital, today the Sea View Hospital Rehabilitation Center & Home operates a long term care facility. The facility houses the first Long Term Care Brain Injury rehabilitation center in the Downstate area. The Facility is run by the Health and Hospital Corporation and patrol by HHC Officers.</p><br>
<h2>Volunteer Fire Company</h2><br>
<p>A small volunteer fire company called the Metropolitan Fire Association ("Metro Fire") is located on the grounds of the Seaview complex. Metro Fire responds primarily to rescue calls, search & rescue calls for lost persons and performs fire patrols on the seaview campus as well as Fire hydrant clearing during snow fall. Metro Fire also maintain a fire explorer post which teaches children under 18 about firefighting and EMS careers.</p><br>
<h2>Volunteer Ambulance</h2><br>
<p>Volunteer Heart Ambulance Company is headquartered in the Seaview complex. Volunteer heart ambulance provides volunteer Basic Life Support Emergency Medical Care to the seaview complex and the surrounding community</p><br>
<p>Sharon Methodist Episcopal Church is located in Sharon Township, a rural area of northwest Clinton County, Iowa, United States. The building is the only remaining structure that remains of a community by the name of Burgess, which was nicknamed Smithtown. The building is commonly referred to as the Smithtown Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sharon Methodist Church was incorporated in 1865 in the town of Burgess, which was a crossroads along the Camanche to Anamosa territorial road in northwest Clinton County.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 the Sabula, Ackley and Dakota Railroad announced plans to pass through Sharon Township. However, the tracks were to be built two miles south of Burgess. A station was built at Lost Nation and many of the village’s business, including the general store, moved there to be near the railroad. The Good Templar Sharon Valley Lodge, a benevolent and charitable organization that promoted temperance, remained active at Smithtown until 1900. It was the two congregations shared commitment to temperance that may have made the Methodists willing to work with the Germans, who were not always accepted. Smithtown Church discontinued regular services in the late 1920s. Thereafter, it was used for special occasions such as funerals and community meetings. The Smithtown Cemetery Association was established in 1929 to care for the cemetery and the church. In 1931 they purchased the property from the Upper Iowa Conference. The cemetery association presented the property to the Clinton County Conservation Board for use as a historical site on August 2, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is of wood construction in the Italianate style. It features a central bell tower on the main façade, where the entrance into the church is located. The tower is topped with a belfry and a short spire. The side walls of the church contain four rectangular windows with shutters.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth District School is a 1901 two story, rectangular, unpainted brick structure situated in the Peaselburg neighborhood of Covington, Kentucky, USA. The building comprises 47,308 feet under roof including a 1937 addition measuring 25x 85. The Peaselburg neighborhood consists of modest late 19th and early 20th century dwellings, primarily single family residences. The building served as an elementary school from 1902 until its closure in 1972 attributable to a decline in the school age population and the need to upgrade the structure to meet revised Board of Education building codes.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Schofield & Rabe, architects from Covington who were only in business for six years, from 1898 to 1904. Construction began in 1901 and finished on July 22, 1902.</p><br>
<p>The school was built with six classrooms on each floor. As the enrollment grew, an addition was constructed in 1937, adding two classrooms on each floor. After the 1972 closure as an elementary school, the building continued as a head start school, but was no longer considered part of the Covington Independent School system. Adult education programs were added and the school continued to operate until it was finally closed in 1998. The building was declared surplus property in 2001 and sold to private owners.</p><br>
<p>Hjaltadans, also known as Fairy Ring or Haltadans stone circle, is a stone circle on the island of Fetlar in Shetland, Scotland. This site is a ring of 38 stones, of which 22 are still fixed in the soil, and it is 37 ft in diameter. Inside this is an earthen ring 26 ft in diameter, with a 5 ft gap in the southwest side. In the center of the rings are two rectangular pillars.</p><br>
<p>According to J. Jakobsen, the name Haltadans means: "lame or limping dance". This is a reference to the legend that the circle of stones was once a circle of dancing trolls and that the two rock pillars in the center were once a fiddler and his wife. They had fiddled and danced all night long, and, heedless of the time, were still fiddling and dancing when the sun rose and petrified them all.</p><br>
<p>Qargha is a dam and reservoir in Afghanistan near Kabul. The reservoir and its peripheral areas provide for recreation facilities such as boating, surfing, golfing, etc. and has a hotel on its bank. There is a fishery development in the reservoir supported by a hatchery on its banks. Irrigation and hydropower developments have also been planned from the stored waters of the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The dam is about 15 km west of Kabul and is built on the Paghman River.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The dam was built in 1933. It has a height of 30 m. The dam length is 450 m and top width is 8 m. A sluice gate of the dam which was damaged has since been restored. The reservoir water spread area behind the dam is 5,000 hectare. The reservoir was developed for the purpose of recreation in the 1950s when Daud was the President of the country. It is now a popular picnic location, particularly on Friday&#39;s when it is visited by a large number of picnickers. During the Seventh Fiver Plan of the country, the stored water from the dam was planned for supplementing drinking water to Kabul city.</p><br>
<p>An irrigation canal is proposed to be built from the dam, and survey for the same has been completed from the dam up to Badambagh. This canal is proposed for providing irrigation and expand horticulture.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir has been developed for trout fishing with a hatchery set up close to the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>A new hydrological station has been set up since 2008 at the location of the reservoir for planning of water resources development as part of the network of 174 hydrological stations and 60 snow gauges and meteorological stations proposed in the country. This project is funded by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).</p><br>
<p>As part of future planning for alternate sources of energy, utilization of the stored waters of the reservoir and the drop available in the dam has been studied.</p><br>
<p>There was a terrorist attack by the Taliban at the hotel on the edge of the reservoir on 22 June 2012, as it was suspected that it was one of the main centres of prostitution and partying in Kabul. Twenty people including security personnel and the terrorists were killed in the encounter.</p><br>
<h2>Fish hatchery</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir feeds a fish hatchery and stocks the rainbow trout fingerlings. The hatchery was set up in 1967 close to the dam and draws water from this reservoir. The hatchery was established in the 1970s when 30,000 trout fingerlings were produced and then stocked in the Qargha Reservoir and in many other rivers such as Panjsher, Bamian, Salang and Sarde. The objective of stocking in the reservoir was meant as a recreational fishing activity under licensed sport fishing. Under UNDP/FAO assistance the hatchery was rehabilitated in 1987, and during 1988-89 egg incubators were repaired and set up with new egg trays to restart production. Eggs were imported from Denmark in 1988. These were stocked in the floating cages moored in the reservoir so that fishes grew into marketable size. Concrete raceways adjoining the farm were also repaired and put to use. In 1989, the fish farm was capable of producing 10 tons of rainbow trout. However, subsequently production was affected due to terrorist activity.</p><br>
<h2>Planning for Hydropower development</h2><br>
<p>US Army Corps of Engineers in their studies for "Potential Renewable Energy</p><br>
<p>Technologies in Northwest Kabul", have examined utilization of the storage of Quarga reservoir and the head created by the dam. Two alternatives have been studied. In the first alternative the head available at the dam location of about 25 m below the dam could generate power of 26 KW with regulated releases from the dam giving an annual energy generation of 227,760 kWh. In the second alternative a head of 100 m could be created over a distance of 2,000 m from the dam which could be utilized for power generation of 103 KW with energy generation of 902,280 kWh, drawing water from the reservoir through a penstock pipe line.</p><br>
<p>Saratoga Springs Visitor Center, also known as "The Drinkhall," is a historic trolley station located at Saratoga Springs in Saratoga County, New York. It was built in 1915 by the Hudson Valley Railroad as a trolley station and now serves as a visitor center. It consists of four sections. The three-bay, stuccoed central block is flanked by lower -story, three-bay wings. The rear section has an open porch that served as the trolley platform. It is constructed of hollow red clay tile and topped by a slate hipped roof. The building features a decorative frieze with arrowhead motifs and decorative panels in the Beaux-Arts style. The interior of the central block features a high barrel vault ceiling.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Grooms Tavern Complex is a historic tavern located at Grooms Corners in Saratoga County, New York. The complex consists of the tavern, a wagon and blacksmith shop, and a frame privy. The tavern building was built about 1825 and is a 2-story, timber-framed, gable-roofed building in a vernacular Federal style. It consists of a main block with -story, frame kitchen wing in the rear. When expanded to two stories in the 1840s, a Greek Revival style cornice was added. The building was partially remodeled in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The tavern building was also operated as a general store. The wagon and blacksmith shop was constructed in the 1840s and is a 2-story, rectangular, timber-framed building with a gable roof in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Qigexing Temple  is a ruined compound of Buddhist sites located about 25–30 km southwest of the town of Yanqi, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Xinjiang, China. The site was a major religious center along the northern route of the Silk Road in the second half of the first millennium CE.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>The site&#39;s Chinese name "Qigexing" has also been spelled as "Shikchin", "Shikshin", "Šikšin", "Xikeqin", or "Xigexing". The archaeologist Albert Grünwedel who worked at the site during the third German Turfan expedition (1905-1907) referred to the site as "Šorčuq"(derived from the Uyghur name Xorqu), this name is also sometimes spelled as Shorchuk, or "Shorchuq" and may refer to salt deposits in the surrounding steppes. The site is also referred to as "Ming oi" or "Mingoi", a term that literally means "Thousand Dwellings" in the Uyghur language and is also used for other temple sites in the region such as the Kizil Caves.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Qigexing was part of the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Karasahr (also spelled "Karashara") that is first mentioned in Chinese sources from the Han Dynasty as the Kingdom of Yanqi (, the Chinese name for Karasahr). In 94 CE, Qigexing was conquered by the Han Dynasty in its reconquest of the Tarim Basin. The Buddhist monk Faxian visited the area of Yanqi around 400 CE and mentions the presence of about 4,000 monks who were practicing Hinayana Buddhism.</p><br>
<p>The monk Xuanzang, who lived in the 7th century CE, reports the existence of 10 Buddhist monasteries with 2,000 monks who belonged to the Sarvastivada school of Buddhism in the area around Yanqi. In 719 CE, the Tang established one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi in Yanqi, the other garrisons were in Kucha, Kashgar, and Hotan. Aurel Stein hypothesized that the Buddhist temples of Qigexing were burned during an iconoclasm after Islam became the state religion of the Kara-Khanid Khanate.</p><br>
<p>Archeological finds in Qigexing include the ruins of larger temple compounds (with more than 100 buildings in total</p><br>
<p>The site was investigated by Albert Grünwedel during third German Turfan expedition (1905-1907), by Aurel Stein in December 1907,</p><br>
<p>The Cary Village Site  is an archaeological site in the west-central portion of the USA state of Ohio. Located southeast of the village of Plain City in Madison County, the site occupies a group of grassy terraces located amid two farm fields. In this grassy area, archaeologists have discovered a wide range of artifacts, including stone tools, materials made of flint, and various types of pottery.</p><br>
<p>Rather than being all of a single type, the artifacts differ so greatly from each other that it is obvious that the site was occupied throughout a long period of time. Evidence exists for the presence of villages at the site during the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian periods, although the Woodland period Hopewell inhabitants left the greatest number of artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Everything that has been found at the site is known from surface collection; therefore, it is uncertain what artifacts remain buried. However, some elements can be guessed to be present, judging by findings from similar sites. If Cary Village be a typical Middle Woodland village, it includes multiple hearths, burials, posthole patterns, storage pits, and middens. Because the site has never been excavated, it yet is presumed to hold a large number of features, and it is thus a valuable archaeological site. In recognition of its archaeological value, the Cary Village Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is one of two archaeological sites on the Register in Madison County, along with the Skunk Hill Mounds near West Jefferson, which are believed to have been built by the Adena culture.</p><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Building of Buffalo, in Buffalo, Oklahoma, is an International Order of Odd Fellows building that was built in 1917 in what is now known as Plains Commercial Style architecture. Also known as Harper County Journal Office, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It served historically as a meeting hall and as a business.</p><br>
<p>The building is 100 ft by 25 ft. Its nomination to the National Register describes its importance as:</p><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Building and now the offices of the Harper County Journal in Buffalo is excellently preserved and unaltered example of the austere Plains Commercial style architecture typical of northwest Oklahoma after statehood. In addition, the building is significant as a social center with the I.O.O.F. lodge&#39;s meeting hall and as the offices for the oldest newspaper in the county, an important means of disseminating information for the early citizens of the county.</p><br>
<p>The Rock of the Three Kingdoms  is a mountain of 1025 m of elevation in the Serra de Marabón , part of the mountainous system of Sierra de la Culebra .</p><br>
<h2>Description and location</h2><br>
<p>Known also as Fragua dos Tres Reinos in Galicia, this rocky formation was the former tripoint between the three ancient medieval kingdoms of Portugal, León, and Galicia, whence its name.</p><br>
<p>The Penedo is located on the border between the village of Moimenta in the municipality of Vinhais, the municipality of A Mezquita in province of Ourense (Autonomous Community of Galicia) and the municipality of Hermisende in Senabria comarca of the province of Zamora (Autonomous Community of Castile and León).</p><br>
<p>There are Iberian wolves in this area.</p><br>
<p>Camp Douglas was an internment camp for Prisoners of War  during World War II, located in the city of Douglas, Wyoming, United States. Between January 1943 and February 1946 in the camp housing first Italian and then German prisoners of war in the United States. While there are few remaining structures, the walls of the Officer&#39;s Club were painted with murals by three Italian prisoners. These paintings depicting western life and folklore are now registered with the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service on the National Register of Historic Places. The story of this POW camp is an important part of the history of the town of Douglas.</p><br>
<h2>Officer's Club</h2><br>
<p>The Officer&#39;s Club on the site of the former Douglas POW Camp, constructed in 1943, is a one-story rectangular building measuring 37 feet wide and 132 feet long. The utilitarian, wood-framed building rests on a partial concrete pad and concrete footers.</p><br>
<p>Stucco applied during the 1980s covers the original walls that were sided with asbestos shingles. The gable roof is covered with asphalt shingles. An enclosed porch projects from the west side of the building. A tall brick chimney is located on the far northeast side of the roof.</p><br>
<p>A kitchen, pantry, and furnace room are located at the north end of the building which is accessed by a single door on the north side. South of the kitchen area on either side of a hallway are located two bathrooms, a hall closet, and a small game room. The majority of the building is devoted to a large club room from which one can access, through two separate doorways, the west side enclosed porch which also has a door leading to the small game room. The south side of the building beyond the club room consists of a large hallway and three separate rooms now used for storage. An exit doorway on the south side is covered with a small shed roof and concrete steps lead up to it.</p><br>
<p>The building includes numerous single and paired, wood-framed, six- over-six lite windows. The west side porch has banks of windows on its three sides; most have been stuccoed over. Most interior walls are covered with celotex although the walls of the club room and small game room are half-paneled. Floors in the kitchen and pantry area are concrete while others in the more public areas are wood. The kitchen and bathroom floors have been covered with linoleum and both entry halls are now carpeted. Ten wood trusses project through the newer drop ceiling in the club room. All other ceilings are the original celotex. Some globe light fixtures hang from the ceiling in the club room along with newer fluorescent units.</p><br>
<p>The club room features one of Wyomings 20th-century treasures, sixteen murals painted by three Italian prisoners-of-war during 1943-1944. The charmingly rendered murals painted directly on the celotex walls depict icons of the mythical American west: cowboys, Indians, wagon trains, cattle drives, a stockade fort, and even the famous Old Faithful geyser in Wyomings Yellowstone National Park. The murals gain special significance for the very reason that they are a vision of the west created by three Italians who had most likely only seen the fabled American West through a train window. The images they created were no doubt inspired from American movies and books.</p><br>
<p>Within the past year, an effort has been made by the local historic preservation board and the City of Douglas to assist the dedicated Odd Fellows in preserving this unique structure. Grant funds were received to hire a conservator for an analysis of the paintings and the development of a conservation plan. The next step is to find funding for the actual conservation of the murals. It is hoped that the building can one day be open to the public so they can view the murals. Few people in Wyoming today, outside of Douglas residents, are even aware the murals exist.</p><br>
<p>The building exhibits integrity of design, location, feeling, association, and workmanship. The stucco siding over the original has a negative impact on integrity of materials. Integrity of the setting has been compromised by nearby development that has taken place over the past thirty years.</p><br>
<p>The former Officer&#39;s Club at the Douglas Prisoner of War Camp is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A for its association with the direct impact of World War II on hundreds of local communities in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Although armed conflict never reached the US shores, the effects of the war were nonetheless experienced in many different ways on the home front. The Douglas POW Camp exemplifies indirectly the strength and power the United States brought to the European war effort, especially the technological, mobilization, and organizational skills that were quickly marshaled for the war effort as evidenced by the rapid construction of various types of military facilities built in record time throughout the country.</p><br>
<p>The building also represents a new approach to construction techniques introduced on a mass scale during this time of rapid defense mobilization: the standardization of plans for pre-fab units, and assembly-line approach to construction of building with a planned temporary shelf life.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>Especially significant are the murals painted on the interior walls of the building by three Italian POWs. The images are of the American West and take on special meaning in that they were painted by men who had most likely not seen the west other than in movies and books. Although murals were painted at other military installations throughout the United States during the World War II period, a survey of other State Historic Preservation Offices revealed that only a few survive due to demolition of buildings never expected to remain standing long enough to qualify as "historic". The survey also indicated that these murals may be the only extant collection painted by Italian POWs as most others were reputed to be the work of German prisoners.</p><br>
<p>The Officers Club is located on the site of the former Prisoner of War Camp and was one of the 180 buildings constructed during a 95-day period in the spring of 1943 for an estimated cost of $1.1 million. The camp was among the 155 base camps and branch camps that were constructed throughout the United States during the war to house Prisoners of War from Europe and Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Camp history</h2><br>
<p>During 1942, the first year of the war for the United States, only an estimated 2000 prisoners came to the United States. But overcrowded POW compounds overseas led U. S. military authorities to come up with an American internment program by September of that year. The immediate measures to accommodate over 50,000 POWS held by the British in North Africa included reactivating Civilian Conservation Corps camps; opening unused portions of several major military bases; utilizing such facilities as fairgrounds, race tracks, armories, and auditoriums; and setting up "tent cities&#39; in remote areas of the country.</p><br>
<p>The longer-range $50 million-dollar program of POW camp construction began in the fall of 1942. Security regulations dictated the camps be located in remote and isolated areas. No camps could be built within 170 miles inland from the east and west coasts; nor within a 150-mile-wide zone along the Canadian and Mexican borders. Locations near shipyards, munitions plants, and other vital wartime industries were forbidden due to fears of sabotage. The ideal site, according to the Army Corps of Engineers, was an area of 350 acres of level and well-drained land located within five miles of a railroad and 500 feet from any public road.</p><br>
<p>Construction of POW camps in the United States also abided by the international Geneva Convention agreements, signed by 47 world powers in 1929, which defined treatment of enemy prisoners. The USA made a much greater attempt to live up to the pact than the Axis powers. According to interpretation by American military leaders, camps had to be constructed to the minimum standards of a regular military compound.</p><br>
<p>The presence of a large POW camp would provide an economic boon to a state and the nearby communities so its no surprise that "Chambers of Commerce, business men, the Commerce and Department, city mayors, and the states political leaders sought to secure the establishment of military installations" in Wyoming, according to historian T. A. Larson. These lobbying efforts were rewarded with construction of a new air base at Casper, a large expansion at Cheyennes Fort F. E. Warren, and the selection of a site on the outskirts of the small town of Douglas as the location for a POW camp.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas site met the defense regulations. Located in Converse County within one mile of a rail line that passed through downtown Douglas, the 687-acre site sat above the banks of the North Platte River. The federal government acquired the land through condemnation; a legal battle ensued in which the defendants were eventually awarded more money for their land than the government had initially proposed. Government surveyors and engineers arrived in Douglas in December, 1942, fueling rumors of the proposed POW camp although the official announcement did not come until January, 1943. Peter Kiewit and Sons of Omaha, Nebraska came in with the low bid and the company set up operations in Douglas by February. Four to five hundred construction workers used the 4-H buildings on the state fairgrounds as dorms and a dining hall. The government contract specified the buildings be completed within 120 days; Kiewit and Sons finished the job in 95 days.</p><br>
<p>The Officers quarters, clubhouse, and softball field were located at the north main entrance to the camp, outside the double rows of wired fencing (the inner fence was electrified) and guard towers that surrounded the rest of the complex. The hospital area and the troop barracks were built directly inside the fence. Beyond that, the prison complex was organized into three compounds, separated by wire electrified fencing, each with a capacity of approximately one thousand men. Auxiliary areas for prisoners included a large outdoor recreation area near the river, a softball field, and one football field. The camp also accommodated a variety of operational functions in buildings designed for the motor pool, a heating plant, warehouses, corrals, a K-9 dog unit, a sewage disposal plant, as well as a salvage yard and gravel pit.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas mayor urged local residents to rent any spare rooms in their houses to the incoming military personnel and their families as a housing crunch was inevitable in the town. The town leaders eagerly put their best foot forward in the home front war effort and quickly established a Service Men&#39;s Center in the downstairs room of the Moose Lodge. Moose members cleaned and remodeled the room while the ladies of the lodge scrounged up furniture and curtains from local donations. The Moose Lodge basement became a popular hangout for servicemen with daily hours from 5 p.m. till midnight, and stayed open till 2 a.m. on Saturday nights. The Center affiliated with the national USO organization during the final days of the war. The local newspaper focused on the anticipation and excitement of the arrival of the U. S. Army coming to their town, especially the officers, and downplayed any apprehension people may have felt about having an enemy population one mile away that outnumbered the townsfolk. No press was given to any opinion that may have differed from the positive spin the paper put on the POW camp.</p><br>
<p>Part of that bubbling enthusiasm may have been directly related to the role planned for the prisoners as employees outside of the camp. As elsewhere throughout the United States, the departure of thousands of Wyoming&#39;s men to the war left the state with a critical shortage of agricultural labor. POWs provided a solution to the problem and performed many essential jobs related to agriculture, particularly harvesting crops whether it was cotton in the South or sugar beets and timber in Wyoming. In anticipation of the much-needed prison labor, local Converse County ranchers and farmers formed a corporation before the first prisoner arrived and appointed a manager to handle the governmental red tape involved in the contracting procedures.</p><br>
<h2>Camp opening</h2><br>
<p>The first of the eventual five hundred plus Army personnel arrived at the camp in May and more filtered in throughout the</p><br>
<p>summer of 1942. On June 20, before the camp received any POWs, the new facility was opened for the first and only time to the curious civilian population. Over two thousand people from seventeen Wyoming counties visited the site during the two-hour open house and, according to local newspaper reports, were especially impressed by the 150-bed hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Italian POWs</h2><br>
<p>Italians were the first group of POWs that arrived in August, 1942 from New York City. A crowd gathered to watch the four hundred and twelve closely guarded captives from the Tunisian Campaign as they alighted from the train in Douglas and proceeded to march, in units of fifty, the one mile to the outlying camp. As routine for all incoming POWs, the Italian prisoners were checked into the camp through the hospital where they were examined and treated for minor disorders. Their clothes were searched and each man was issued new clothing and assigned to one of the three compounds. By year end, the number of Italian POWs at the camp had reached 1900 men and included one major, four captains, and twenty two lieutenants. The Italian officers had their own barracks and were assigned supervisory duties over their enlisted compatriots. The first prisoner to die from illness at the camp was a captain whose body was buried in a small cemetery plot on the camp grounds and later disinterred and sent back to Italy.</p><br>
<p>The prisoners enjoyed playing soccer and doing calisthenics outside in spite of the cold winter. One Italian prisoner learned American cooking at the camp and enjoyed cooking both American and Italian food for his fellow prisoners, the camp officers, and patients and staff at the hospital. A Catholic chaplain of Italian descent provided musical instruments to some of the prisoners. They set up a small Catholic church in the camp theater where they also put on musical and theatrical</p><br>
<p>productions with costumes made of flour sacks.</p><br>
<p>Three Italian prisoners left a remarkable artistic legacy with the sixteen murals they painted almost sixty years ago that can be seen today on the walls of the Officers Club, one of only a few camp buildings still standing. These men, known only by their signatures on the murals- -V. Finotti, E. Tarquinio, and F. DeRossi - painted a variety of western scenes. The large murals, most are six feet high and some as long as fifteen feet, depict cowboys, bar shootouts, a Native American smoking a peace pipe, a wagon train, a frontier stockade fort, and most surprisingly, Yellowstone National Park&#39;s Old Faithful geyser erupting in front of a cowboy audience. Ironically, although they were right in the middle of cowboy country, they of course as prisoners would have had very little opportunity to explore it. No doubt, some of the western images came from American movies while others the artists may have seen in books.</p><br>
<h2>German POWs</h2><br>
<p>With the surrender of Italy in 1944, the Italian prisoners were quietly shipped out by early spring. Although the POW camp was vacant and deactivated in July, 1944, it was quickly reactivated a month later to prepare for incoming Germans prisoners. By the first of October, 1944, over 2000 German prisoners resided at the camp; the numbers peaked the following summer at 3,011.</p><br>
<p>The Germans were a less homogenous group than the Italians, they ranged in age from 14 to 80 years old. Although the majority of German prisoners were characterized as "cooperative" by their guards, a number of hardcore Nazis made up part of the population and caused trouble for the guards by repeatedly cutting through fences to other compounds and harassing their more docile comrades. Camp censors put a halt to their camp newsletter after only two issues due to its rabid Nazi propaganda. A less political paper replaced it and ran for twenty issues.</p><br>
<p>Prisoners spent time in the camp library or became involved in sports. Others staged plays and concerts or the entertainment of not only their fellow prisoners but the public was invited as well. Artisans among the POWs sketched portraits and made such handcrafted items as shelves and decorative plaques which they glued together using dried cottage cheese from their meals. A number of these items were gifts to Douglas community members and are on display at the Douglas Pioneer Museum.</p><br>
<p>Like the Italian prisoners before them, the German POWs also provided thousands of hours in agricultural labor for which they were paid daily wages of $4.00. They received one-half of their wages in script they could use in the post exchange; the other half was set aside until their release from the camp. Some thrifty prisoners returned to their homeland with over $500 in savings.</p><br>
<p>POWs worked in the surrounding area and also were assigned to crop harvest crews in Clearmont, Wheatland, Basin, and Lovell. Others spent time as timber men in nearby Esterbrook and as far away as Ryan&#39;s Park in the Medicine Bow Mountains. Guards always accompanied the internees although security might become lax on the job site as escape attempts appeared to be less of a threat away from the camp.</p><br>
<h2>Escape attempts</h2><br>
<p>There were several minor escape attempts at the camp. Guards found two prisoners hiding in a haystack down river from the camp, both clothed in six pairs of G.I. winter underwear. Three Germans hid their escape by the clever use of paper dummies that their comrades propped up during roll call. Another group of escapees made it south about twenty-five miles where they hid out for a week until their capture when they inquired what state they were now in.</p><br>
<h2>Camp closing</h2><br>
<p>By August 1945, as the war wound down, the regional camp commander announced the end of POW labor and that prisoners would now be prepared for repatriation. The Douglas camp gradually released the prisoners beginning in November, 1945, until February 1, 1946 when the camp officially closed. Undoubtedly, there were mixed feelings on both sides as friendships between the prisoners and members of the local community had been forged in spite of being on opposite sides of the war. As a testament to the strength of those ties, correspondence continued for many years between former prisoners and Douglas residents. Overseas visits by Wyomingites and return visits to Douglas by the former POWs also cemented the bond they shared during the war.</p><br>
<p>The deserted Douglas camp became the property of the War Assets Administration, a federal agency established to dispose of surplus property and provide lumber and other materials for temporary government-approved housing programs. Federal agencies and local governments were given first priority to acquire surplus buildings before they were scrapped. Converse County purchased the camp hospital; the Community Country Club acquired the Officers Club; and School District 17 acquired fifteen buildings and 163 acres for an experimental farm which operated until 1969. Buildings purchased by a lumber company still stand south of the Officers Club. Spiegelberger Lumber and Building Company of Laramie dismantled 137 buildings.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, the site of the former POW camp had become unrecognizable. Interstate 25 cut through the camp, and businesses, housing subdivisions, two large mobile home parks, and a new school building covered many of the 687 acres that once made up the Douglas camp. Only a few local people fought to keep the history of the camp from fading forever.</p><br>
<p>Among those few were members of the Douglas Lodge #15, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The Odd Fellows purchased the Officers Club from the Douglas Junior Chamber of Commerce in 1963 for $5,000. Over the years, the local I.O.O.F. lodge has maintained the building and taken pains to protect the unique murals painted by three Italian prisoners of war.</p><br>
<p>The listing of the former Officer&#39;s Club of the Douglas Internment Camp on the National Register of Historic Places is a tribute to those dedicated to its preservation today and to the thousands from the past who made a wartime home at the camp.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Fargo District, or Downtown Fargo Historic District, is a historic district in Fargo, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The listing included 88 contributing buildings in an area of 60 acre. It includes Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals architecture, Moderne architecture, and Late Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the following properties that were already separately listed on the NRHP:</p><br>
<p>Grand Lodge of North Dakota, Ancient Order of United Workmen, 112-114 Roberts St.</p><br>
<p>deLendrecie&#39;s Department Store, 620-624 Main Avenue</p><br>
<p>Northern Pacific Railway Depot, 701 Main Avenue, designed by Cass Gilbert</p><br>
<p>Masonic Block, 9-11 Eighth Street South</p><br>
<p>Fargo Theatre, 312-316 Broadway</p><br>
<p>The Black Building (Fargo, North Dakota) is included in the district and also became separately listed on the National Register in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Pacific Railway Depot  is a former railway station in Fargo, North Dakota. Built in 1898, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was built in 1898. It was designed by noted architect Cass Gilbert.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the station&#39;s construction, Fargo-Moorhead was served by both the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern Railroad. This station was served by Northern Pacific trains, while the Great Northern operated its own station further north along Broadway.</p><br>
<h3>End of service</h3><br>
<p>In 1970, the two railway companies merged to form the Burlington Northern. Freight trains used the Northern Pacific tracks, while passenger trains used the Great Northern tracks. Therefore, passenger trains no longer stopped at the Northern Pacific station.</p><br>
<h3>Historic designation</h3><br>
<p>The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The listing included one contributing building on an area of less than 1 acre.</p><br>
<p>It is also included within the also-NRHP-listed Downtown Fargo District.</p><br>
<p>Brønnøya is an island in the western section of Oslofjord , within the borders of the municipality of Asker.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is just beyond the upscale suburban construction of Nesøya, reachable across the Vendelsund sound by cable ferry during the summer and a pontoon bridge in winter. It is among the largest islands in the Vestfjorden archipelago and is surrounded by islands: To the east is Ostøya in Bærum, to the south is Langåra (Asker) and to the west the small islands with descriptive names such as Katterompa (Cats Rear End), Torbjørnsøy, Furuholmen (Pine Island), and Spannslokket (Pail Lid). The islands geology was formed in the Cambrian Period and is rich with limestone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island is recorded by name in sea charts from the early 16th century. The etymology of "Brønnøya" (variously spelled Brøndøen, Brønnøen, Brunneyr, Brunøen, Bryøen, Brundøen, and Bryndøen) stems from the presence of wells (Norwegian: brønn) on the island, the source of water with an unusual ability to stay fresh in storage. This was a coveted commodity for expeditions during the sailboat era. In the late 16th century, bishop Jens Nilssøn recorded that a well (now empty) on the eastern side of the island is said to have been identified by the presence of the Virgin Mary and still has the name Mariakilden. The name of the well may stem from the 14th century. Several other wells are extant on the island, and some served as freshwater sources for the inhabitants well into the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Remains of two Nordic Stone Age settlements have been found on the island that may stem from 4000 BCE (when the tide was 40–50 meters higher than today), and there are traces of agricultural activity going back at least 1500 years. The island became part of the considerable estate known as Nesøygodset that was formed in the late 14th century following the Black Death</p><br>
<p>Recorded owners of the island include, in chronological order:</p><br>
<p>Jon Toraldson (riksråd)</p><br>
<p>Olaf Håkonson Stumpe</p><br>
<p>Bo Pedersøn Flemming</p><br>
<p>Holger Eriksen Rosenkrantz (in the Rosenkrantz family until 1663)</p><br>
<p>Knud Frantzen, who sold much of the acreage in Nesøygodset, but seems to have held on to Brønnøya (1663-early 1700s)</p><br>
<p>Bartolomeus Adamsen, who had been a tenant farmer and was related by marriage to the first known tenant farmer on the island, Nils Brønøen (early 1700s-1710)</p><br>
<p>Adam Bartolomeussen, his son (1710–1724)</p><br>
<p>Hans Christensen Aarhus Oust acquired the farm for 2000 riksdaler (1724-1724)</p><br>
<p>Christen Hansen Aarhus, his son (1745–1781)</p><br>
<p>Christian Christensen Aarhus, who separated the property from the farm on Ostøya(1783–1814)</p><br>
<p>Marte Andersdatter, Christen&#39;s wife and her two children (1814–1822), when the farm and island were sold</p><br>
<p>Haagen Andersen, who married Marte and bought the property (1822–1837)</p><br>
<p>Christian Haagensen, their son, (1822–1860)</p><br>
<p>Ander Haagensen, his younger brother (1860–1888)</p><br>
<p>Maren Dorthea, his wife and children (1888–1890)</p><br>
<p>Donato Brambani (1890–1907)</p><br>
<p>Marie Plahte, at which point it became part of the farm at Høvik (1907–1916)</p><br>
<p>Viktor Plahte, her son (1916–1928)</p><br>
<p>Rudolf Myhre and Alf Monsen took over in 1928, at which point parcels on the island were sold</p><br>
<p>In 1826 the farm (also known as Brønnøya) had 216 dunam under cultivation.</p><br>
<p>The island was also the site of lime pits and kilns. There is evidence of limestone quarries going back to the 14th century. The industrialist Donato Brambani established a large scale lime kiln that was in full operation from 1892 to 1899. It was shut down in 1902, but a large kiln remains intact as one of the attractions of the island.</p><br>
<p>The island is within the postal code for Nesøya</p><br>
<h2>Zoning controversy</h2><br>
<p>Since the island was subdivided in the 1920s, its use has evolved. In 1928, the island was regulated primarily for purposes of "villa residences with servant quarters in separate structures." A number of other requirements were also established, including minimum lot size (2 metric dunams), and common areas. This was progressive in its time, but the term "villa residence" left much open to interpretation, leading to controversy over time.</p><br>
<p>Although there is a general consensus that the island needs to maintain its unique character, there have, broadly speaking been two camps that have opposed each other on the means for preservation. They are represented in the public by two organizations: Brønnøyas Venner, known as Venneforeningen (the Friends of Brønnøya) and Brønnøya Grunneierforening, known as Grunneierforeningen (the property association).</p><br>
<p>The controversy about the zoning of the island reached its most intense level in the 1970s, but controversy persists to this day. In addition to the 16 lots that are legally approved as permanent dwellings, there are 34 that are de facto permanent homes for their residents. The central issue therefore relates to whether more of the island should be rezoned to permit permanent dwellings. Venneforeningen resists such regulation, insisting that the primary use of the island remain housing for leisure. Grunneierforeningen favors allow for more permanent dwelling, but under certain strict conditions to prevent urbanization and congestion.</p><br>
<p>There appears to be agreement that the island remain free of motor vehicle traffic. Some favor a permanent bridge to ease access; others feel this is a slippery slope toward allowing automobiles on the island.</p><br>
<p>A new zoning plan went into effect in 1995 that seemed to favor the conservationist leanings of Venneforeningen. However, issues persist with respect to use of municipal infrastructure, maintenance of the natural landscape, and environmental concerns.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>As long as the entire island was owned by one party, access to the island was via private boat. During the winter, there would typically be roads over the ice, both for pedestrian traffic and carriages. There were accidents, and there are several recorded instances of drownings off the island. When Myhre and Monsen started selling lots on the island, public access was required. This took two forms: across the Vendel sound, and via scheduled ferry landings.</p><br>
<h3>Vendel sound access</h3><br>
<p>By 1928, when Myhre and Monsen started selling lots, the public road to the southern end of Nesøya was also complete. In return for room and board and a fee for passage, a ferryman would bring passengers across the sound as needed. It turned out to be difficult both to staff this position and to decide who the employer would be.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the nursing home on the island was acquired by Jens H. Koefoed, who was impressed by the cable ferry between Ormøya and Padda in Oslo. In 1955 he set up the first cable ferry across the Vendel sound. He also installed a pontoon bridge that floated on railroad ties, yet without hand rails. This worked well when the sound was frozen, but when the ice thawed and broke, pedestrians usually had to run across the bridge to stay dry. The ties were presently replaced by empty oil barrels.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s, several forces converged to improve access. Both the municipality and private owners had taken steps to acquire harbor sites on the island, auto ownership and traffic was increasing, and there was increased interest in commuting between Oslo and Brønnøya. The municipality expropriated the lot needed to build a walkway from the bridge landing to the road on Nesøya, and the harbormaster approved the use of the cable ferry.</p><br>
<p>It soon became apparent that both the cable ferry and the pontoon bridge needed to be modernized. Replacing the barrels that sprung leak became an urgent but arduous routine, and the ferry was not able to handle pedestrian traffic at peak periods during the summer.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Jak Haukvik, one of the island&#39;s long-term residents, engineered a new cable ferry based on a raft, rather than, boat design. Although it took more effort to operate, and particularly under windy weather conditions, it could hold far more passengers and was less likely to flip.</p><br>
<p>On Midsummer&#39;s in 1982, however, the cable ferry capsized when a passenger leaped from the pier onto the ferry after it had departed. One person was seriously injured, and the resident association ("vel") was found liable. Since then, the ferry has been replaced with a new version, and the ferry is shut down during Midsummer.</p><br>
<h3>Public ferry</h3><br>
<p>For centuries, it was easier to travel the Oslofjord by sea than by land. By 1835 there was regularly scheduled ferry routes from Oslo (then Kristiania) to Sandvika. By 1890, the ferries "Vesta" and "Sartor" made scheduled stops at Brønnøya, on the northern end, with the ferries sailing through the Vendel sound.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the northern landing, three additional public landings were established on the island: the western landing, and then the eastern and southern landings. At one point, six separate ferries made regular stops at one or several of these landings. Even though sections of the fjord had naval mines, ferry traffic continued through World War II. In particular, the ferry D/S Sport was considered a faithful servant of the island&#39;s community.</p><br>
<p>But by 1952, ferry service had been reduced to the point that only one ferry provided regular service, and then with mixed reliability. The ferry "Silius" had a capacity of 150 passengers, which was not enough. Another ship, "Trollhaug" was added. It was fast but notoriously unreliable, and several other ferries afterwards continued to disappoint the community. In the spring of 1952 there was for a short time no ferry service between Oslo and the island.</p><br>
<p>By 1955, however, there were three reasonably reliable ferries in operation. In addition to "Silius," there was "Rigmor" and "Vestfjordbussen" that made regular stops at Brønnøya.</p><br>
<p>Service between Sandvika and Brønnøya between 1948 and 1968 was provided by Einar Andersen, who shuttled passengers on board a retired lifeboat (from Stavangerfjord) starting at 5:30 am until 10 pm.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, the ferry Rigmor started providing additional capacity for existing ships, but over the years the ship has become a virtual institution in the Vestfjorden archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Commonly seen plants on the island include: Valeriana sambucifolia, Geranium sanguineum, Geranium robertianum, Lotus corniculatus, Sedum acre, Hylotelephium maximum, Silene vulgaris, Silene uniflora, Potentilla erecta, and others. In the spring, the island is overrun with Hepatica nobilis and Anemone nemorosa.</p><br>
<h2>Brønnøya today</h2><br>
<p>The island today consists of 362 private parcels of land. Of these, 16 are registered as permanent dwellings, and 261 are leisure dwellings.</p><br>
<p>The island is closed for motorized traffic all year. After an accident during celebrations in 1982, the cable ferry is closed the night of Midsummer. There are three ferry landings on the island that have seasonal and sporadic service. Beaches are public and maintained by the island communal organization.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s future is a matter of some controversy. Some want to make it more accessible for a larger share of permanent residents and more tourist and weekend traffic; others feel that it should remain somewhat remote and protected.</p><br>
<p>Beinn Fhionnlaidh is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is situated on the south side of Loch Mullardoch, at the end of Glen Cannich, about 60 km west of Inverness.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Beinn Fhionnlaidh is a very inaccessible mountain, some distance from the nearest road, so usually involves a long walk in. One route is to start from the end of Loch Beinn a&#39; Mheadhoin in Glen Affric, then follow a path up Gleann nam Fiadh. From there, it is necessary to climb up and over the east ridge of Càrn Eige, before following its north ridge to Beinn Fhionnlaidh, via Bealach Beag.</p><br>
<p>Another approach is from the west, starting from the end of the road at Killilan. From there follow a track along Glen Elchaig to Iron Lodge, then a path to the western end of Loch Mullardoch, at the foot of Beinn Fhionnlaidh.</p><br>
<p>An easier alternative is to travel by boat along Loch Mullardoch to the foot of Beinn Fhionnlaidh, then climb straight up.</p><br>
<p>Marion Reservoir is a body of water on the Cottonwood River, 3 mi north-west of Marion, on the western edge of the Flint Hills region of Kansas in the United States. It was completed in 1968 and is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers for the purpose of flood control.</p><br>
<p>This larger reservoir is also known as its older obsolete name Marion Lake which is often confused with the similar named yet smaller Marion County Lake which is south-east of Marion. Most locals refer to the larger body of water using the term Reservoir (this article), and the smaller body of water using the term Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Marion Reservoir is located in Gale Township of Marion County, Kansas, United States. There are many entrances into the reservoir area. A two-lane paved road runs along the top length of the dam. The south edge of the dam is located approximately 1/2 mile north of USA Route 56 on Old Mill Road, where there is an information kiosk and public restrooms. The unincorporated community of Eastshore is located north-east of the dam. The closest cities are Marion (east of reservoir) and Hillsboro (west of reservoir).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.</p><br>
<p>In 1806, Zebulon Pike led the Pike expedition westward from St Louis, Missouri, of which part of their journey followed the Cottonwood River through Marion County including the land under the Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th USA state. In 1855, Marion County was established within the Kansas Territory, which included the land for modern day Reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In June and July 1951, the "Great Flood of 1951" occurred with a peak discharge of 54,000 cuft/s and a volume of 78,950 acre.ft which is equivalent to 7.40 in of runoff from the drainage area above the dam site. The 1951 record flood in the region was one of the leading reasons for building the Marion Reservoir, and downstream leevee&#39;s in the cities of Marion and Florence.</p><br>
<p>In March 1964, construction was started on the Marion Reservoir, the embankment closure was completed in October 1967, and the project was placed in full flood control operation in February 1968.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2011, the Cottonwood Point recreation area was expanded by adding 61 new campsites, 23 new day-use sites, picnic shelters, and a new beach.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation areas</h2><br>
<p>Camping and picnicking opportunities are numerous in four parks: Cottonwood Point, Hillsboro Cove, Marion Cove, French Creek Cove. Campsites contain picnic tables, grills and/or fire-rings, sun-shelters, and gravel parking pads. Facilities at class "A" parks (Cottonwood Point and Hillsboro Cove) include electrical hookups, showers, RV dump stations, group camping areas, group picnic areas, playgrounds, and beaches. Potable water is available in all parks.</p><br>
<p>Cottonwood Point, Class A. North of US-56 on Pawnee Road (note: Old Mill Road over Dam merges with Pawnee).</p><br>
<p>French Creek Cove, Class C. North of US-56 on Limestone Road.</p><br>
<p>Hillsboro Cove, Class A. North of US-56 on Nighthawk Road.</p><br>
<p>Marion Cove, Class C. North of US-56 on Pawnee Road (note: Old Mill Road over Dam merges with Pawnee).</p><br>
<p>Durham Cove. 250th Street and Kansa Road. The undeveloped ramp is free.</p><br>
<p>Broken Bridge. The undeveloped ramp is free.</p><br>
<p>Overlook and Dam. North of US-56 on Old Mill Road.</p><br>
<p>Duane Mansion is a property in Duanesburg, New York that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Solomon Kelly sometime during the 1812 to 1816 period in fine Federal style.</p><br>
<p>Jacques Remee provided landscape architecture for formal gardens. Unfortunately no trace remains of these gardens.</p><br>
<p>Besides the mansion, the listing included three additional contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one non-constributing structure, on an area of 30 acre. The additional buildings include an "outstanding" Federal style carriage barn, another single bay carriage house, a hay barn, a corn crib, and a shed.</p><br>
<p>The mansion seems unornamented, yet in fact represents a sophisticated design. It&#39;s located on a hilltop, and seems isolated though being only about a mile away from Interstate 88.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1984 multiple resource area study of Duanesburg properties which provides much background on the Duane family. The study describes the mansion as "a squarish, two-story frame residence with a low hipped roof, prominent two-story piazza supported by Doric columns, round-topped floor length windows opening onto the piazza, and three identical entrances supported by gabled porches supported by slender Ionic columns. With its simply, symmetrical form and sophisticated detailing, it is a distinctive example of Federal design and an unusual rural interpretation of the Adamesque vocabulary." After further substantive review, the property was individually listed on the National Register in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Pipmuacan Reservoir  is a man-made lake on the boundary of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and Côte-Nord regions of Quebec, Canada, about 130 km north of Chicoutimi. It is used to control the flow for downstream hydro-electric generating stations on the Betsiamites River and, through Lake Pamouscachiou, also on the Shipshaw River. It has a total surface area of 978 km&sup2; and a net area  of 802 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is shaped highly irregularly, with many deep bays, dotted with islands in its western section, and characterized by a large rounded peninsula in the centre. Primary tributaries are the Betsiamites, Sylvestre, Hirondelles, and Pipmuacan Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is named after Lake Pipmuacan that was flooded during the formation of the reservoir. The name is of Innu origin, that may mean "arrow". The Geographic Board reported in 1960 that "according to the missionaries of the Côte-Nord, the Innu had given this name to the lake in remembrance of their last fight with the Iroquois on Mount Pigmaugan (Pipmuacan) that overlooks the water." Other spelling variations before standardization include Pipmuakan, Pipmaugan, and Pipmakan.</p><br>
<p>The sport fish found in Pipmuacan Reservoir are northern pike, lake trout, brook trout, and lake whitefish. Outfitters provide fishing excursions and accommodations at the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pipmuacan Reservoir was formed in October 1953 when Hydro-Québec began construction on the dams and power plant of Bersimis-1. The first dam, 674 m long and 74 m high, was built between two mountains surrounding Lake Cassé, and the second, 315 m long, curtailed the release of water into the Desroches River. The reservoir&#39;s spillway was cut through a mountain between the two dams. By 1956, the construction work was completed.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Hydro-Québec diverted part of the Portneuf River to the north into the Pipmuacan Reservoir to increase the capacity of the Bersimis power stations. The partial diversion of the Sault aux Cochons River is being studied to further optimize the operation of the existing stations.</p><br>
<p>The Makens Bemont House, commonly called the Huguenot House, is a historic house museum at 307 Burnside Avenue in East Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1761, it is one of the town&#39;s few surviving 18th-century buildings, and is one of several buildings located in Martin Park that are operated by the Historical Society of East Hartford as the Historical Houses at Martin Park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Makens Bemont House stands near the entrance of Martin Park, which is located just east of East Hartford&#39;s Burnside Avenue commercial district. The house is a 1-1/2 story gambrel-roofed wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a clapboarded exterior. It rest on a foundation that has a concrete base, but is topped by brownstones used in its original foundation. It has a brick central chimney, and the roof is pierced by three gabled dormers. Its interior retains wide pine floorboards and other 18th and 19th-century stylistic features, including a Federal style fireplace mantel, and Greek Revival elements in the northwest chamber.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1761 by Edmond Bemont, and purchased four years later by his son Makens. Makens Bemont was a prominent local businessman who made saddles and owned shares in the local bridge. He served as the town tax collector, and accumulated sufficient wealth that he was one of the few townspeople of his period to own a carriage. The house was originally located on the other side of Burnside Avenue and about 2,500 ft west of its present location. It was moved in 1971 after it was threatened with demolition, and now serves as a local house museum. It is furnished to appear as if owned by a late 18th/early 19th century workingman, and is open seasonally.</p><br>
<p>The Canton Center Historic District encompasses the historic rural town center of Canton, Connecticut. Extending mainly along Connecticut Route 179, near the geographic town center, is a well-preserved example of rural agricultural center in Connecticut, a role served until about 1920. The district includes many examples of Late Victorian and Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now the town of Canton was settled in the 18th century as part of Simsbury. In 1750 it was given status as a separate parish, and it was incorporated in 1806. The town center organized itself along a stretch of the town&#39;s major north-south road, now Route 179 that roughly parallels Cherry Brook. It was here that the Congregation Church was located (current building dating to 1814), and a general store and other local services arose. Cherry Brook was used as a power source for modestly scaled local enterprises, including sawmills and tanneries. This rural center was eventually supplanted by Collinsville in the early 20th century as a more important commercial and civic hub, and development has consequently been limited since about 1920.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers about 500 acre of mainly rural landscape, and is roughly linear, extending along Route 179 between East Mountain and North Mountain Roads. A roughly triangular section bounded by West and Meadow Roads extends the district west of the main road. There 84 contributing buildings, most of which are either primary buildings (houses, schools, etc) or major secondary buildings like barns. Most of the buildings are wood frame residences, in Federal or Greek Revival styles, although there are a few examples of later Victorian architecture. No buildings appear to date from the earliest time of the areas settlement. One of the oldest surviving houses in the district is the Caleb Case House built in 1785. Non-residential buildings include the church, a general store and blacksmiths shop, and several district school buildings which have been altered for other uses. Major modern intrusions include a Jehovahs Witnesses hall and the 1941 Cherry Brook School.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Building is a historic office building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on June 10, 2009. The building was noted for its design, which was a harbinger for the transition from Classical architecture to the Art Deco/Moderne among commercial buildings in downtown Saint Paul; originally designed in a conservative style, the building became more Moderne as it was being built.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Minnesota Building is a thirteen story office tower located on the corner of East 4th Street and Cedar Street in downtown St. Paul. It is built of reinforced concrete and has a polished Indiana Limestone facing. The structure&#39;s primary facades face the streets to the north and west, and have entrance bays flanked by commercial display window bays at the pedestrial level and vertical window shafts separated by limestone piers between the second and thirteenth stories.</p><br>
<p>At the pedestrian level, the East Fourth Street facade is symmetrical with the main building entrance flanked by display window bays and tall pedestrian openings on the outer corners. On the Cedar Street side the building&#39;s secondary entrance is flanked by three display window bays to either side. On both primary facades the base is sheathed with polished pink and gray marble. Directly above each bay opening is a narrow band of decorative, colored tile. The main entrance is recessed and displays two sets of brass plated doors flanked by wrought iron and glass display cases. Above the doors and cases is a band of cresting with a center metal plaque reading "MINNESOTA BUILDING". Above the cresting are five large transom windows, with the building address "46" painted in gold on the center window. The top of the entry recess is framed with decorative cream-colored terra cotta, which continues along the ceiling. In addition, the entrance has two large brass wall lanterns and, above the entrance, is a low-relief stone version of the Seal of Minnesota, flanked by two stylized eagles facing inward. The secondary entrance is similar to the main entrance, except the bay opening is not as tall and has only a short horizontal transom above the entry doors along with smaller wall lanterns. The tall pedestrian openings are crowned with terra cotta scrollwork. The opening facing the street corner also has a recessed corner shop entry.</p><br>
<p>The two entrances are further defined by side piers and two piers directly above which are decorated with raised stone shafts stepping and terminating with floral motifs halfway up the third story. An ornate terra cotta belt separates the second and third stories. Simple raised edge banding occurs in stone between the eleventh and twelfth stories. The building originally had double hung windows on the upper floors, however they were replaced in 1974 with metal-clad windows.</p><br>
<p>The secondary facades, facing east and south internally in the block, are defined by similar window placement, but with concrete floor banding between floors and common brick infill between windows; these facades also display "MINNESOTA BLDG." painted in large block letters between the twelfth and thirteenth window rows. The windows on the upper floors of the southern facade were altered in the latter quarter of the twentieth century to improve views of the Mississippi River. The building has a flat composition roof and an iron fire-escape on the southern facade. It is connected to the Saint Paul Skyway System through an adjacent building.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed with twelve stories, the thirteenth story was begun a soon as the building was completed in 1929 and completed in 1930. The thirteenth story is sheathed in the same limestone and repeats the window pattern; the new roof did not feature the same toothy crown that was integrated into the facade of the thirteenth story.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The state capital, St. Paul was most prosperous during the late 1800s and early 1900s, much of its downtown development occurred during that period. Construction in downtown St. Paul was slow in the early 1920s. Several significant buildings were constructed in the previous decade, though all commercial and public buildings relied heavily on the classical style, such as the St. Paul Public Library (1917) and Hamm Building (1919). After the Hamm Building, no multistory office building was built in St. Paul until the Minnesota Building, itself the first high rise building in the city since World War I.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Building was the idea of a consortium of developers interested in creating a higher business density in downtown. Lead developers Lincoln Hold and Development Company purchased the first Minnesota Club site in 1928 and razed it to the ground. Designed by St. Paul architect Charles A. Hauser, construction began in 1929 by the Fleisher-Greg Construction Company. Finished on November 1, 1929, the building cost an estimated $970,000, and was designed mainly for office suites for upscale business. The architect moved into the building&#39;s additional penthouse floor as soon as it was finished in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The buildings architect, Charles H. Hausler, has several other buildings listed on the NRHP: St. Anthony Park Branch Library, Arlington Hills Library, Riverview Branch Library, also in Ramsey County, Minnesota, as well as the St. Marys Church Non-Contiguous Historic District in Hague, North Dakota. Born in St. Paul in 1879, he apprenticed in Chicago with Louis Sullivan before returning to Minnesota being licensed in 1908. While city architect he drafted the city&#39;s first uniform building code in 1921, and designed numerous municipal buildings including the Beaux-Arts Carnegie libraries that were later placed on the NRHP. He returned to private practice while in the Minnesota Senate, and during that time designed the Minnesota Building, which was his largest work.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1990s, the demand for modern office space caused the building to fall out of favor with commercial renters, and it began to fall into disuse. As early as 2003, plans were proposed to turn the building into a residential building with limited, street level commercial space. It was purchased by Sand Companies in spring 2006, and in January 2010, the developer began construction on converting the building into 137 rental housing units, including some affordable units as well as 10,000 ft&sup2; of commercial and office space</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Minnesota Building was the first Art Deco building in downtown St. Paul. Architecture critics had described the style used as "mild art deco" with features that are "very urbane."</p><br>
<p>The William Goold House is an historic house at 280 Windham Center Road in Windham, Maine. Probably built in the 1820s, it was the longtime home of William Goold, a prominent 19th-century historian of the state of Maine and a state senator. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Goold house is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, clad in clapboards and shingles. Facing south is a Greek Revival gable end, which has been partly obscured by an early 20th-century Colonial Revival porch. The porch is supported by four columns with composite capitals, and four lattice posts. The porch wraps around the sides of the house, and has a hip roof. The main entrance is in the middle bay of three, and is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a four-light transom window. The upper level of the house has a side-gable roof, with three dormers facing front. The central dormer is larger, with a gable roof, while the flanking dormers have hip roofs. To the rear of the main block is a single-story addition, which features a distinctive tower, which has a bullseye window and an open belvedere under a hip roof. The interior of the house features predominantly Colonial Revival styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built in the early 1820s by Nathan Goold. His son William was born on this property, but probably not in this house, in 1809. He returned to this homestead in 1861 with his family, and made it his home until his death in 1890. During his time here he published numerous articles on the history of Maine in the Portland Press, and became a leading member of the Maine Historical Society. He was elected to the Maine State Senate, serving 1874-75. His major work, Portland in the Past, was published in 1886. Goold was reported to use the belvedere in the tower as an escape to do his historical research.</p><br>
<p>North Dakota State University District is a 36 acre historic district on the campus of North Dakota State University, in Fargo, North Dakota, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Also known as North Dakota Agricultural College, it was built in Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, Moderne, and Late Victorian architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The listing included 12 contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and one contributing object.</p><br>
<p>Important contributing buildings include:</p><br>
<p>College Hall-Old Main, a Richardsonian Romanesque building built in 1891</p><br>
<p>Mechanical Building, or Mechanical Arts building, built in 1893</p><br>
<p>South Engineering, built 1907</p><br>
<p>Science Hall-Minard, built 1901</p><br>
<p>Carnegie Library-Putnam Hall, built 1904, and</p><br>
<p>Ceres Hall, built 1910.</p><br>
<p>Maplewood Farm, also known as the Anderson-Lord House, is an historic farm property on River Road in South Windham, Maine, United States. The 135 acre farm has been held in the same family since 1738, and features an architecturally distinctive Gothic Revival main house. It is also notable as a summer estate of John Anderson, a prominent mid-19th century Maine politician, and of his son John Farwell Anderson, a noted civil engineer and agriculturalist. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Maplewood Farm consists of a several parcels of land, organized in a long strip that is roughly bisected by River Road, and whose western edge is the Presumpscot River. Most of this land is now wooded, the principal exception being a large clearing in which the farm&#39;s buildings are located, set at a remove from the southwest side of River Road. The main house is a c. 1770 two story wood frame structure, which underwent significant alterations in about 1850 to give it its present Gothic Revival appearance, with steeply pitched gables, bargeboard decoration, and lancet-arched windows. Also surviving from the mid-19th century are two barns and a small cottage. The small Anderson family cemetery is set near the road, southeast of the building complex.</p><br>
<p>The farm property was purchased in 1738 by Abraham Anderson, and was (at the time of the propertys listing on the National Register) in 1991 still in the hands of his descendants. The core of the farmhouse was probably built in the mid-1770s by Edward Anderson, not long after his 1774 marriage. In the mid-19th century the property passed to John Anderson, a noted Maine politician who transformed the property into a summer estate and gentlemans farm. Anderson retained Portland architect Charles A. Alexander to make the Gothic Revival alterations to the house, and it is assumed Alexander also developed the plans for the other surviving buildings. John Andersons son, John Farwell Anderson, is notable for introducing Devon cattle into the state on this farm, and making it one of Windhams most successful farms in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Maplewood Farm has statewide architectural significance for the remarkably well-kept collection of Gothic Revival structures, which is one of a very small number of such assemblages in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Atwater Manufacturing Company is a historic industrial property at 335 Atwater Street in Southington, Connecticut. The company, founded in 1867 and now known as Rex Forge, has long been one of Southingtons major industrial employers. The ten extant buildings of the complex date as far back as 1912, and are an important element of the towns industrial past. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Atwater Manufacturing Company plant is located in Southington&#39;s Plantsville area, on the east side of Atwater Street just north of its junction with Canal Street. The roughly linear complex extends between the Quinnipiac River, which flows southward to its east, and a former railroad right-of-way (now a multiuse trail) that runs between it and Atwater Street. There are ten buildings in all, ranging in age from about 1912 to the 1980s. Most have an exterior finished in corrugated metal, although some of the oldest buildings have painted brick exteriors. Buildings range in height from one to two stories, with the main forge building the largest; it is covered by a gabled roof with a monitor at its upper level.</p><br>
<p>The site has a long industrial history, having been the location of Southington&#39;s first grist mill in 1767. Atwater Manufacturing was organized in 1869, and at first manufactured parts for carriages. In the 20th century it transitioned to the manufacture of parts for automobiles, and now as Rex Forge does custom metal forging.</p><br>
<p>The River Helmsdale   is one of the major east-flowing rivers of Sutherland in the Highlands of Scotland. It flows broadly southeastwards from Loch Badanloch down the Strath of Kildonan , gathering the waters of the Bannock Burn on its left and the Abhainn na Frithe on its right before discharging into the Moray Firth on the North Sea at the town of Helmsdale. Other significant tributaries of the Helmsdale include the left-bank Suisgill Burn and the right-bank Craggie Water. Loch Achnamoine which is just over 1 km in length, lies on the line of the river 1 mi / 1.5 km downstream of Loch Badanloch. Loch Badanloch is one of a complex of three interconnecting lochs - the other two being Loch nan Clàr and Loch Rimsdale which gather waters from the moors on the southern edge of the Flow Country via the Allt an Lòin Tharsuinn, Allt Lòn a&#39; Chùil and Rimsdale Burn.</p><br>
<p>Cherkasy Raion  is an administrative part of Cherkasy Oblast. The center of the raion is Cherkasy. The area of the raion is 1,617 km&sup2;, with density of 49 PD/km2. The population consists of Ukrainians , Russians , Belorussians , and others . The population was . There are 39 settlements on the territory of the district - 38 villages and 1 urban-type settlement - Irdyn.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the Eastern part of Cherkasy oblast. Its approximate length is 76 km and its width is up to 25 km. It is located on lowlands, on the bank of Kremenchuk Reservoir, on Dnipro River. Rivers, such as Ros, Vilshyanka, and Tyasmyn are passing through the raion. Forests cover about 62 hectares of the district, including the famous Cherkaskiy Bir (Cherkasy Forest).</p><br>
<p>The raion consists of 39 settlements. There are 23 village councils (sil&#39;s&#39;ka rada) in Cherkasy raion. The biggest villages of the district are Ruska Polyana (Руська Поляна), Chervona Sloboda (Червона Слобода), Bilozirya (Білозір&#39;я), and Moshny (Мошни).</p><br>
<p>The district is crossed with highways which connect Cherkasy with other cities like Kaniv, Zolotonosha, Uman. The length of all routes is 320,9 km, from which 101,2 km are national routes. The region also hosts a part of Odessa-Moscow railway route.</p><br>
<p>Since January 2015, the chairman of the district administration has been Kostiantyn Omargaliev.</p><br>
<p>The Waterbury Municipal Center Complex, also known as the Cass Gilbert National Register District, is a group of five buildings, including City Hall, on Field and Grand streets in Waterbury, Connecticut, United States. They are large stone and brick structures, all designed by Cass Gilbert in the Georgian Revival and Second Renaissance Revival architectural styles, built during the 1910s. In 1978 they were designated as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. They are now contributing properties to the Downtown Waterbury Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The complex was financed by the Chase family, owners of the Chase Brass Company, one of Waterburys major industries at the time. In the wake of a 1902 fire that had destroyed a portion of downtown, the Chases and other local businessmen saw an opportunity for urban renewal. Cass Gilbert won the competition to design a new complex a few blocks from the old city hall building (since demolished) on West Main Street. Unusual for the time, the complex would house not just the mayor and city council but the public safety functions of city government such the police and fire departments, courts and jails. In keeping with the contemporary City Beautiful movement, the complex included other large-scaled buildings in its "court of honor", such as Chases headquarters, a building named Lincoln House for the city&#39;s charitable organizations and a dispensary.</p><br>
<p>Similar architectural characteristics and motifs unite the buildings thematically. They have flat roofs, rusticated ground levels, and pilasters dividing bays in the middle stories. The two largest, City Hall and the Chase Building, have an opposite configuration. Many of the same decorative patterns are used on all the buildings. One in particular is the use of quotations from Abraham Lincoln. This is interesting since Lincoln never visited Waterbury nor had any particular connection with the city. It is possible that they reflect a renewed interest in Lincoln in the wake of the centenary of his birth or the 50th anniversary of his death, both recent occurrences at the time of the complex&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The headquarters building and Lincoln House have since been converted to other uses, mainly private office space and additional city offices. City government continues to occupy City Hall. By the end of the 20th century the decline of the citys industries had led to the deterioration of the building, and it was condemned by the citys building department. A bond issue was later passed to raise money for its restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The five buildings in the complex cover a 4.4 acre area of Grand and Field streets on the south edge of downtown Waterbury, just north of the Interstate 84 viaduct. City Hall and the Chase Building are on opposite sides of Grand between Church, Field and Leavenworth streets; the other four are on the east side of Field. Immediately adjacent are some other public buildings: a National Guard facility to the south; the city&#39;s post office and a federal court building on the east along the south side of Grand (across from a row of commercial buildings), a state courthouse and the Silas Bronson library and its park to the west.</p><br>
<h3>City Hall</h3><br>
<p>Located on the south side of Grand, City Hall has three sections. A large main block faces the street, with two projecting rear wings on the south housing the police and fire departments. They are connected by a rear section to form a courtyard. A garage has been added to the fire station since construction.</p><br>
<p>The main block is a three-story, 17-by-3-bay (203 ft long by 46 ft high) Georgian Revival structure, faced in marble on its first story and brick with marble trim on the upper two. Atop its flat roof is a small penthouse, from which a four-stage tower rises. It is set back 80 ft from the street to allow for a fountain plaza Gilbert referred to as the entourage.</p><br>
<p>The entourage is a rectangular area, reached by steps from the street, with a paved oval at the center. In the middle of the oval is a round marble fountain within a round catch basin. Six carved light standards, each with two lamps, flank the steps leading from the street. On either side of the entourage are large flagpoles on bronze bases inside grass parterres bordered by small hedges. At the rear of the parterres are marble urns with fountains flanking the balustraded entrance steps.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>On the north (front) facade, the first-story marble is rusticated. Trabeated six-over-six double-hung sash windows are slightly recessed in arched surrounds. The corners are slightly recessed; the middle 11 bays project slightly to form a small pavilion.</p><br>
<p>Atop the first story of that pavilion is a blind paneled balustrade. Large fluted composite pilasters divide each bay, set with recessed nine-over-nine double-hung sash and projecting cornice caps in the pavilion and full round-arched windows on the ends. At the end of the pavilion are narrow sash windows with bronze grilles. The center bays of the end sets, and the pavilion bays, have bronze geometric balconies with center medallions.</p><br>
<p>A thin terra cotta belt course with gougework and geometric shapes sets off the third story. The pavilion has trabeated six-over-six sash flanked by blind bays at its end, and the end bays have circular bas-reliefs, depicting, from east to west, "Industry" as a workman amid gears and cogs, the city seal, "Commerce", as a figure of Mercury with a caduceus, "Force" as a Roman gladiator, and Justice. In the pilaster capitals are two designs, one of which features a prominent eagle.</p><br>
<p>The marble frieze below the roofline has a regular pattern of decorated discs with swags at the pavilion ends. Above it is a modillioned cornice with carved leaves and bead-and-reel moldings. They in turn support a broad balustrade. At the pavilion ends and above the three center bays are panels with vertical gougework in a wave pattern. The center is further decorated with the inscription Quid Aere Perennius, Latin for "more lasting than brass."</p><br>
<p>On the east and west sides are a central entrance with steps on either side. Above it is an arched tablet with an inscription: "Impartiality is the life of Justice as Justice is of all government. Justice is the constant desire and effort to render to every man his due" by the Roman emperor Justinian I on the west, and "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty as we understand it" attributed to Abraham Lincoln on the east. The third story has a panel (further inscribed with "Reason is the Life of Law" on the west) between two circular bas-reliefs in carved leaf surrounds. On the east side they depict "Truth" as a woman contemplating a skull and "Prudence" as a woman gazing into a mirror; on the west are "Wisdom" as an aged man holding a lamp and "Order" as a female with a mace.</p><br>
<p>The tower&#39;s lowest stage has corner pilasters and louvered flat-topped openings in all four sides. Above it is a blind balustrade with corner posts and swags. Pilasters frame arched openings. Another blind balustrade, its corners topped with urns, has clocks in all four faces. The final stage is a bell-cast gilded roof with bronze weathervane.</p><br>
<p>On the east side, the fire station wing is a nine-by-eleven-bay two-story structure. Like the main block it is stone on the first and brick up top. Five of the six arched bays on the east side are used for fire engine garages, their double doors topped with radiating-sash fanlights. The seventh bay is a regular door, leading to offices. The two stories are separated by another blind balustrade. Above the arched second story windows, set with six-over-six trabeated sash, is a plain cornice and marble-topped parapet.</p><br>
<p>The police wing, on the east, is mostly identical. A rear wing houses the jail. It has eleven bays at street level, and the main entrance is in the center of the west facade. Its rear bays have trabeated openings with bronze grilles.</p><br>
<p>Inside the wall between the two wings is a courtyard. It has gardens and benches. Several of those latter are original Gilbert designs.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>The center door is screened by a bronze grille. It has a full foliate surround and fan, radiating from a central cluster to end in anthemia. On the door itself are grilles of square panels with center medallions that alternate between round and square shapes and rosette bindings.</p><br>
<p>Behind it, there is a small vestibule. Bronze commemorative plaques on the sides honor local World War I veterans. A rear entry with sidelights topped by teardrops and an elliptical arch with fanlight, all of leaded glass, opens into the east-west central hallway.</p><br>
<p>The hallway is sided in Vermont marble with carved panels featuring a fleur de lis pattern at the base, supported on eagle brackets and divided by pilasters with oak and acorn capitals. To the west of the vestibule is a panel with gilded letters both serving as a building directory and dedication plaque. Entrances are set in arcaded surrounds with medallions; the stairway and vestibule arches have eagle keystones. Atop the wall is a frieze with a center lamp between griffins holding ribbons and garlands. The coffered ceiling is painted with triangles and rosettes. Round hanging bronze glazed lanterns with clustered bulbs provide light.</p><br>
<p>The front lobby is also lit from the rear by a six-over-six double-hung sash set with leaded and stained glass, opaque on the bottom but with a cartouche and swag on top. The stair climbs to a Palladian window, also with stained glass. It is decorated with swags and ribbons, corner cartouches and panels topped with eagles in the center and vases and foliation topped with a lit torch on the outer panels. A cartouche-enclosed oval at the top has the date "1915" carved within.</p><br>
<p>At the landing next to this window the stairs divide. They are girded by an iron balustrade with bronze railing. The stairwell is further balustraded with a stylized compass in the center and a wave beneath the rail.</p><br>
<p>In the second floor hallway, decoration is more restrained. It has marble floors, wainscoting, door and window surrounds and pilasters but the walls themselves are plaster. The pilasters are topped with Roman Doric capitals that support a decorated frieze and dentilled cornice. In the metopes are painted vases and medallions. The ceilings are plain.</p><br>
<p>The original mayor&#39;s office is directly opposite the top of the stairs. It has freestanding fluted Roman Doric columns in the entrance. Fluted wall pilasters and marble wainscoting supporting a full entablature and arched ceiling.</p><br>
<p>On either end of the hallway are city council chambers. The eastern one was originally built for that purpose; the western one was a courtroom. In the former, the aldermens desks are within a semicircular balustrade outlined with paralleling benches for the public. The Roman Doric continues to be used. Fluted pilasters in that mode support a full entablature and modillioned cornice. On the ceiling are octagonal panels with rosettes at the center. From it hangs a bronze chandelier with two levels of electric candles. The wall sconces, corner lights and door clock are original. A 1934 map of Waterbury has been substituted for an original decoration behind the mayors chair.</p><br>
<p>Due to the change in use, there is less original detail in the west chamber. The balustrade, wall clock and light fixtures are among those aspects that do. The ceiling, also original, has the same center rosettes as its eastern counterpart but with square panels on the outer portions.</p><br>
<h3>Chase Headquarters Building</h3><br>
<p>Facing city hall from the other side of the street, the Chase building&#39;s 21-bay south (front) facade is 243 ft in length, making the Chase building wider than city hall which it complements by reversing the facade planes. An iron fence with small trees runs along the sidewalk; from it a walk leads up to balustraded steps at the main entrance. On either end two three-bay–wide wings project four bays to the street. In the central 15-bay section, the middle three bays project forward slightly.</p><br>
<p>The three-story building is faced entirely in Indiana limestone. The first story is, like City Hall&#39;s marble, rusticated, with the bays on the inside of the wings and the center pavilion made a series of segmented arches to give them an arcade appearance. On the east and west elevations only the interior bays are in arches. Within them are large six-over-six double-hung trabeated sash windows. Above them a cornice forms the base for fluted pilasters with Tower of the Winds capitals that divide the windows on the upper two stories.</p><br>
<p>The second story windows are also sash, set in rectangular openings with sills and cornice caps on consoles topped with rosettes or oval patera. The middle bays of the wings are six-over-six in a slightly recessed arch with pedimented lintel on consoles. They have a small balcony with iron guardrails. A stringcourse around the building sets off the third story and forms its window sills. The central section has six-over-six with a plain surround. On both second and third stories of the wings&#39; south face they are flanked by narrower four-over-four sash.</p><br>
<p>The frieze below the roof cornice has rosettes or patera atop each pilaster. In the middle of the wings, and above the central pavilion, is a solid panel. That above the pavilion has "CHASE" carved in it. The north (rear) facade is less ornate but also well-delineated. A balustrade runs along the flat roof; there is a penthouse in the center.</p><br>
<p>Four fluted Tower of the Winds columns rise from the balcony level of the central pavilion. The windows they divide are identical to those in the middle bays of the wing end second stories, with the third stories likewise fenestrated with shorter six-over-six. Two bronze lanterns flank the main entrance, with grille-covered four-over-four sash in the outside bays.</p><br>
<p>The simple bronze door leads, as in City Hall, into a vestibule. Opposite it, across the central hallway, is the main staircase. At its landing is a multilevel stained glass window, with urns, foliate and architectural motifs flanking a central panel with another quotation from Lincoln: "Go forward without fear and with manly heart." Near the top is "A.D. 1919". Across from the top of the stair is the buildings dedication plaque. An iron balustrade with bronze railings runs along the stairs, marble like all the buildings flooring. The ceilings are enameled, and the door and window surrounds dark wood.</p><br>
<h3>Waterbury National Bank building</h3><br>
<p>The former Waterbury National Bank Building, now headquarters for Junior Achievement of Southwestern New England, is located on the southeast corner of Field and Grand. It is a four-story five-by-seven-bay structure faced, like the Chase Building on the far corner, in limestone. All four facades are finished; a cast-iron fence sets off the north and west facades from the sidewalks.</p><br>
<p>Both of those facades have an identical treatment, echoing the Chase Building and City Hall. Like them, the first story is finished in rusticated segmented arches. They are set with six-section rounded-arch windows, again creating an arcade effect. The windows sections are a full window with flanking sidelights and three matching sections in the fan. Beneath them are wooden panels decorated with the same wave pattern used in City Halls parapet panels.</p><br>
<p>The corners are emphasized with slight recess and pilasters. As with the other two buildings, pilasters, here with Corinthian capitals, spring from a stringcourse above the first story to divide the bays of the second and third stories, forming a balustrade. Six-over-six trabeated double-hung sash on the second floor are topped with cap cornices. Above them the third level windows are plainer and shorter trabeated six-over-six.</p><br>
<p>Above the third story is a full entablature with gouge work and medallions topped by a broad dentilled and modllioned cornice. The fourth-story windows are the same as the ones below. Above them is a slightly less broad dentilled cornice supporting a small parapet.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is a simple bronze door. It opens into the former bank lobby. Bronze cashiers railings with grilles atop marble counters lead to where the tellers&#39; cages once stood. There are front and rear mezzanines. From the marble floor square columns with neck moldings rise to the coffered marble ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Iron stairs with bronze railings lead to the upper floors. Some of them have their original terrazzo floors. There are also original dark wood surrounds on some office doors, with a few having their original panels below and glazed panels of opaque glass in their upper sections and even transoms. At the first floor stair entry are the original bronze directory panel and mail chute.</p><br>
<h4>Power House</h4><br>
<p>An older building is joined to the bank building&#39;s southern elevation, between it and the Lincoln House. It is a two-story structure of brick, painted to match the limestone bank, in Flemish bond. Arched windows with stone keystones and impost blocks relate it to the other buildings in the area. It also has brick quoins and a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>It is likely the only remaining structure in the neighborhood that predates the construction of the buildings, built around 1900. Originally it was used as a power station. Gilbert, who hoped to make it part of a theater that would have been the complex&#39;s sixth building, called it the "Power House" on those plans. It was later renovated and annexed to the bank building.</p><br>
<h3>Lincoln House</h3><br>
<p>On the east side of Field Street, south of the bank building, is Lincoln House. It is a three-story five-bay square Georgian Revival structure of brick laid in Flemish bond with marble trim. A flat roof is pierced by a brick chimney near the center of the north side.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The west (front) facade has a slightly exposed basement with reveted four-pane sash windows. Above a marble water table, all windows are trabeated, with marble surrounds. A stringcourse of header bricks laid vertically creates a springline for the round arches with keystones that enclose the second floor windows. Both they and the first-story windows are six-over-six double-hung sash; the third story has three-over-three. Above them is a narrow dentilled cornice and parapet capped with salt-glazed tile, the latter of which runs around the entire building.</p><br>
<p>All the other three facades are similarly treated. On the east (rear) the entrance is at ground level, and the windows are correspondingly dropped to provide better lighting at that level. The south side has a centrally located basement entry, matched by a smaller sash in the center of the north facade.</p><br>
<p>Marble steps lead up to the main entrance, in the middle of the west elevation. Its ornate surround has engaged columns on marble bases topped by a plain frieze and open pediment. Inside that pediment is the entrance fanlight, with a molded surround of its own topped by a keystone. The door itself has deep panels, six horizontal ones atop two vertical.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>It opens into a small vestibule. Originally on the walls were marble plaques with more Lincoln quotes, including "With malice toward none, and with charity towards all..." from his second inaugural address. At the end of the vestibule is a door with elliptical fanlight, leaded sidelights and Adamesque detailing.</p><br>
<p>Off to the right is an office and waiting room. It has another tribute to Lincoln, a shield-shaped marble plaque with the entire Gettysburg Address on it above a facsimile of Lincoln&#39;s signature. At the top is a bas-relief of Lincoln below an eagle in flight.</p><br>
<p>Behind the vestibule door is a central hallway. Wainscoting along the hall continues to the main staircase in the rear. On the left is the dining room, with the greatest amount of detail of any room in the building. It has a flat baseboard with similar chair rail and picture molding. The brick of the chimney breast projects into the room space, echoing the brick of the hearth below. Above it is a Federal style mantel where flat pilaster rise to a plain frieze topped by a molded shelf. The kitchen, in the rear, retains much of its original cabinetry.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the hall the main staircase continues the wainscoting. Made of wood with round oak newel on a square base with neck molding and circular cap, it has a somewhat Victorian feel. It ends in a square room upstairs. Another stair, rising from the rear entrance, was designed to be used by those served by the charities housed in the building, and thus climbs to the third floor in short, gentle flights. It has exposed brick walls.</p><br>
<p>The main stairs end in a small, plain square room on the second floor. It leads into a wider version of the central hall, meant to serve as a waiting room. Off it are some bedrooms and examining rooms. The third story is all bedrooms, and the basement is equipped with showers and fumigating rooms.</p><br>
<h3>Chase Memorial Dispensary</h3><br>
<p>The Chase Memorial Dispensary is located immediately to the south of Lincoln House on Field Street. It was the last building of the complex constructed, after the space in Lincoln House allotted to the dispensary proved inadequate. Like Lincoln House, it is of brick in Flemish bond, five bays square, with marble accents and a flat roof. Exposed basement windows below the water table are, like its neighbor, four-pane sash, with those on the upper stories trabeated six-over-six double-hung sash, in round arches on the second story.</p><br>
<p>Unlike Lincoln House, the dispensary is only two stories in height. Atop the building is a narrow frieze created by vertically laid bricks and a marble cornice with Wall of Troy molded marble dentilling. The roofline has a marble balustrade instead of a parapet.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations are mostly similar in treatment. The north facade has four-over-four frosted glass in the second and fourth bays at both levels and the south has a large, two-level arched window in the center bay with two six-over-six windows. In the rear the balustrade has five solid marble panels. The chimney, brick capped with marble, rises from the roof just south of the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>At the centrally located main entrance, the marble steps fan out, flanked by a cast-iron railing. It supports cast iron and frosted glass lamps on bronze standards. The doorway is recessed in a brick arch with marble keystone, carved with an oval chrysanthemum patera, and impost blocks paneled on the outer facings and autographed on the inner ones. Above the entry a marble panel reads "Henry Sabin Chase Memorial Dispensary".</p><br>
<p>The front and rear doors open into identical vestibules, with screened doors at the exterior and interior doors repeating the outside doors&#39; fanlights, sidelights and surrounds. The door designs, six horizontal panels above two vertical ones, are similar to that on the neighboring Lincoln House. From the vestibules there is access to a large central room with coved ceiling. A main desk area is on the north with a dumbwaiter connecting it to a similar area on the second floor. The stair opening is to the south; examining rooms and offices are on the east and west.</p><br>
<p>The stair, flanked by an oak railing with square balusters, leads to the basement and the second floor. Upstairs, the layout is identical to the first floor except for offices in the vestibule spaces. Many sinks remain in the examining room along with cabinets and shelving. The original light fixtures, molded milk glass globes hanging from brass chains, also remain although some were damaged by plaster falling from the ceiling.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Gilbert took as his main inspiration for City Hall the house designed in 1772 by Robert Adam for Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn at 20 St. James Square in London. "I have been studying a number of English examples of the Georgian period", he wrote to a friend, "and find so many in which the material was all brick or stone that I am justified in quoting this one as typical." He had wanted the facing to be entirely marble as well, but the city insisted on brick and stone, an alternation which Gilbert had felt would be disharmonious given the narrow window spaces. Adam&#39;s work also inspired the coffered ceilings inside. The central stair was a tribute to the one at New York City Hall, which Gilbert had used as an example of why the face would look better with stone exclusively.</p><br>
<p>Chase had originally approved a brick-and-stone concept for the company headquarters across the street, but then thought better of it. "...t would seem a presumptuous attempt on the part of private citizens to imitate and share the dignity of city hall", Chase wrote Gilbert. "The position we hold in the community is such that we dislike very much having this impression exist." For the same reason the brothers vetoed the use of a marble facade. The architect and the brothers then toured Manhattan looking for other ideas, and left it to Gilbert to come up with his ultimate solution, limestone deployed in a more Renaissance Revival style. He in turn persuaded the Chases to accept the wrought iron fence out front, using the J.P. Morgan Library in Manhattan as an example of how that element could be successful.</p><br>
<p>The addition of the bank building to the complex allowed Gilbert to use the three buildings to frame the view of the clock tower for westbound traffic on Grand Street. The entourage of City Hall and corresponding setback of the Chase Building allow the tower to dominate a wide open area. When traveling the opposite direction, the large buildings emphasize the parks around them, with glimpses of the denser city beyond the spaces.</p><br>
<p>Like the City Hall and Lincoln House, the Chase Building prominently features, among its architectural decorations, quotations from Abraham Lincoln. It is not known why this is so, as Lincoln had no connections to Waterbury. It is possible that renewals of interest in Lincoln in either 1909, the centenary of his birth, or 1915, the 50th anniversary of his death, may have led to this.</p><br>
<p>Gilbert had apparently added "Quid Aere Perennius", the Horace quote on his own, perhaps as a joke. It now serves as the citys motto. Gilbert had also designed a flag for Waterbury, but the citys aldermen rejected it in favor of a design featuring the city seal.</p><br>
<p>The city hall is frequently included in listings of Gilbert&#39;s major buildings, and he wished to remembered for it. It was used as a model for a new city hall in Lexington, Kentucky, and possibly that in Mount Vernon, Ohio, as well. Paul Wayland Bartlett, the sculptor whom at one point Gilbert had considered asking to contribute work to the building, called it "one of the most beautiful buildings in the United States."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The complex took several years to conceive and a decade to build. It has continued to play a role in the city&#39;s history since then.</p><br>
<h3>1902–1912: Renewal and concept</h3><br>
<p>In 1902 a fire burned three acres (3 acre) of downtown Waterbury west of Waterbury Green. The city, at the height of the industrial prosperity its brassmakers had led, was easily able to rebuild. Eminent citizens of the city had also seen in the process the opportunity to rethink and reshape the city&#39;s downtown, as their counterparts had done six decades earlier when they had created the Green out of a swampy remnant of the original town common.</p><br>
<p>The first part of the process was the construction of a new train station, for which the streets and blocks near it were cleared and realigned to allow the creation of a small park. Architects McKim, Mead and White gave the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad a significant Second Renaissance Revival building, capped by a 240 ft clock tower based on the Torre del Mangia that has since become a symbol of the city. After three years of construction, it was completed and opened in 1909.</p><br>
<p>Henry and Frederick Chase, brothers who owned the eponymous brass company, not only the largest in the city but the country, along with the world&#39;s largest clock factory, saw how the clock tower created a new focal point along Grand Street. They felt that the street should now be the main route into downtown, worthy of its name, and developed a 20-year plan to remake it. In line with the principles of the contemporary City Beautiful movement, they felt it should be the location of a "court of honor" of newer, grander city hall, and other important public and private buildings.</p><br>
<h3>1912–1924: Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Chases committed $100,000 of their own money ($ in contemporary dollars) to the project, primarily spent on design work while the city committed $30,000 ($ in contemporary dollars), spent on salaries. At the time the economy was still recovering from the Panic of 1907), so the private funding was crucial.</p><br>
<p>First, the Chases sought to renovate Library Park, on the southeast corner of Grand and Meadow. They hired Frederick Law Olmsteds firm for this. In 1912 Waterburys existing, smaller City Hall, on West Main Street opposite the Green, was burned down by an arsonist. This provided an opportunity to move the citys government to the Grand Street blocks the Chases wanted to serve as an entry to the city. Cass Gilbert, who had moved to Ridgefield a few years earlier, won a competition to design City Hall as the first of a complex of buildings that would highlight the public and private heights of the city. He may have been the favorite because the members of the citys building commission had apparently been impressed by his Ives Memorial Library, the main building of the New Haven Free Public Library.</p><br>
<p>It is not certain whether Gilbert was the Chases&#39; first choice for the project. The three did establish a productive relationship, and Gilbert quickly laid out a park for the small block opposite the train station and designed a fountain for it as well. Construction began on City Hall in 1912, shortly after the old building had burned, when the Grand Street site narrowly won in a referendum. Three years later it was opened, in a dedication ceremony presided over by Governor Marcus H. Holcomb. In 1917, the entourage that Gilbert had envisioned as ceremonial space was the gathering place for men signing up for the draft upon USA entry into World War I. Two years later it served as the reviewing stand for the parade held when troops returned.</p><br>
<p>The privations caused by the Panic of 1907 had made clear the city&#39;s need for a single facility from which all its charities could operate. After studying such facilities in other Northeastern cities, the Associated Charities made recommendations to Gilbert in 1915. His design for Lincoln House was the only one significantly altered prior to construction. The original design called for a full frieze, wooden dentilled cornice and balustrade of brick and wood around the rooftop. Lincoln House was finished in 1916. Since most medical supplies at that time were geared to war production needs, it remained largely unoccupied until 1917. In 1921 Associated Charities, as much to avoid the stigma of its name that discouraged those it was meant to serve from seeking help from it as to reflect that it had become known by the name of the building, changed its name to the Lincoln House Association.</p><br>
<p>During that time the Chases were occupied with seeing through the construction of their new corporate headquarters. The existing buildings were acquired and demolished. After Henry Chase died in 1918, his brother Frederick assumed his responsibilities. He continued the good relationship with Gilbert Henry had had.</p><br>
<p>In the last years of his life, Henry Chase had begun acquiring the land for the bank building. Gilbert was asked to draw up plans, and delivered them in late 1919. Construction began a few months later, and was completed in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The last building to be added was the dispensary. It had always been planned—Gilbert was instructed to design it in 1916—but the shortage of materials caused by the war resulted in its construction being put off. In 1923 the Chase family created a permanent endowment fund for it. Construction began in 1923 and the building was in use within the year.</p><br>
<h3>1925–present:Use, decline and preservation</h3><br>
<p>Gilbert had hoped to add a sixth building, a theater, using land owned by the Chases to the east of the bank building and the Power House to the rear of the bank, a ca. 1900 structure the family also had bought to make the complex viable. He drew up plans for it in 1919, but after the completion of the dispensary other projects, such as the Supreme Court building in Washington, drew his attention and he was unable to return to Waterbury before he died in 1934. The land was eventually sold to the federal government in the late 1930s for the city&#39;s new post office.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the city&#39;s Chamber of Commerce moved into the Power House from Lincoln House. The charities and dispensary were very busy places at that time with the onset of the Great Depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor visited City Hall in 1936 on their way to a rally in Library Park.</p><br>
<p>World War II affected the buildings as well. Scrap metal was piled up on the entourage in front of City Hall, and the tower was surrounded with scaffolding so that air wardens could keep watch from it. The Power House&#39;s door was sandbagged. Parades on V-E and V-J days were held down Grand Street with the reviewing section in front City Hall, as parades still are on civic holidays like Independence and Memorial days.</p><br>
<p>After the war, there were other changes. The Lincoln House Association changed its name again, to the Family Service Association (It is now Family Services of Greater Waterbury). Other tenants of the space in those years included the citys Adult Probation Department, Legal Aid, and the local Chamber of Commerce, which was headquartered in the Power House next door. That building was also renovated, sometime before 1950, with the addition of a second story and a paint job, bringing the brick closer to the bank buildings limestone and better concealing the divide between the new and old brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The Chase companies, by then Chase Brass & Copper, continued to use the headquarters building until the early 1960s. In 1963 ten residents interested in preserving the building bought it from the company. After three years, they in turn sold it to the city. It has been used as supplemental municipal office space ever since.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, other organizations that had been housed in the buildings also left them. The Chamber of Commerce left the Power House in 1960. In 1974, the Family Service Association, in need of space more suited to its needs, left Lincoln House after half a century for new quarters on Murray Street.</p><br>
<p>By the early 21st century, most city government functions, including the mayors office and council meetings, had been moved across the street to the Chase Building. City Hall itself had fallen into serious decline. Inspections found water leaking through the ceiling and into the walls and roof, rusting the structural steel and loosening stones on the face. Vandals opened a fire hose in 2005, flooding the entire building. More flooding damaged the building when copper piping was stolen. The Fire Department eventually ordered all government bodies out of the building save the City Clerks office, which could not function without access to the records vault.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 the City Council approved a $48 million bond issue to repair and restore the building. Aldermen from the Independent Party who believed the public should decide on a spending program that large succeeded in getting the issue put to a referendum in 2007, which defeated it. After council trimmed the proposal to $36 million, the Independent aldermen agreed not to seek another referendum, and it was adopted.</p><br>
<p>Charlton Historic District is a 123 acre national historic district located at the hamlet of Charlton, town of Charlton in Saratoga County, New York. The listing included 37 contributing buildings and one other contributing structure. The district dates to 1787 and includes notable Greek Revival and Italianate architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district is chiefly residential, but also includes the stucco covered old schoolhouse (1859), Charlton Village Shop (ca. 1829), fire hall, historical society headquarters, garage, church, and The Charlton House tavern (ca. 1791). Almost all the buildings are sided with wood painted white or with a modern shingle replacement. The buildings range from one to two stories. Six are believed to have been built prior to 1800, fifteen from 1800 to 1830, thirteen from 1830 to 1880, and fifteen after 1880. The largest and most prominent building in the district is the Greek Revival style Freehold Presbyterian Church, dated to 1852.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse at 184 Kent Avenue in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York was built in 1915. It was designated a New York City Landmark in 2005  and later listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It has been renovated into a residential apartment building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by noted architect Cass Gilbert. Its structural engineering was by Gunvald Aus, an engineer noted for his engineering of the Woolworth Building, and built by the Turner Construction Co. It reflects Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movements architecture. It served as a manufacturing facility and is listed for architectural criteria. It was extraordinary for its use of reinforced concrete on a huge scale.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>In 2010, JMH Development converted the building to rental apartments. The building was converted to residential condominiums by Kushner Companies and LIVWRK. Morris Adjmi Architects led the redesign. Marketing materials refer to the building as the "Austin Nichols House". Sales in the building began in 2016.</p><br>
